Heterocyclic modulators of the glucocorticoid receptor, AP-1, and/or NF-κB activity and use thereof

ABSTRACT

Novel non-steroidal compounds are provided which are useful in treating diseases associated with modulation of the glucocorticoid receptor, AP-1, and/or NF-κB activity including obesity, diabetes, inflammatory and immune diseases, and have the structure of formula (I) 
                         
or stereoisomers or prodrugs or solvates or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein A, B, J, K, Z, R, R a , R b , R c , and R d , are defined herein. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treating obesity, diabetes and inflammatory or immune associated diseases comprising said compounds.

This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/537,048, filed Jan. 16, 2004, incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to new non-steroidal compounds which are modulators of the glucocorticoid receptor, AP-1, and/or NF-κB activity and thus are useful in treating diseases such as obesity, diabetes and inflammatory or immune associated diseases, and to a method for using such compounds to treat these and related diseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 are involved in regulating the expression of a number of genes involved in mediating inflammatory and immune responses. NF-κB regulates the transcription of genes including TNF-α, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, adhesion molecules (such as E-selectin) and chemokines (such as Rantes), among others. AP-1 regulates the production of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1, IL-2, as well as, matrix metalloproteases. Drug therapies targeting TNF-α, a gene whose expression is regulated by both NF-κB and AP-1, have been shown to be highly efficacious in several inflammatory human diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. Accordingly, NF-κB and AP-1 play key roles in the initiation and perpetuation of inflammatory and immunological disorders. See Baldwin, A S, Journal of Clin. Investigation, 107, 3 (2001); Firestein, G. S., and Manning, A. M., Arthritis and Rheumatism, 42, 609 (1999); and Peltz, G., Curr. Opin, in Biotech. 8, 467 (1997).

There are many signaling molecules (kinases and phosphatases) upstream of AP-1 and NF-κB which are potential therapeutic drug targets. The kinase JNK plays an essential role in regulating the phosphorylation and subsequent activation of c-jun, one of the subunits which constitute the AP-1 complex (fos/c-jun). Compounds which inhibit JNK have been shown to be efficacious in animal models of inflammatory disease. See Manning A M and Davis R J, Nature Rev. Drug Disc., V.2, 554 (2003). A kinase critical to the activation of NF-κB is the IκB kinase (IKK). This kinase plays a key role in the phosphorylation of IκB. Once IκB is phosphorylated it undergoes degradation leading to the release of NF-κB which can translocate into the nucleus and activate the transcription of the genes described above. An inhibitor of IKK, BMS-345541, has been shown to be efficacious in animal models of inflammatory disease. See Burke J R., Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel., September;6(5), 720-8, (2003).

In addition to inhibiting signaling cascades involved in the activation of NF-κB and AP-1, the glucocorticoid receptor has been shown to inhibit the activity of NF-κB and AP-1 via direct physical interactions. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family of transcription factors, and a member of the steroid hormone family of transcription factors. Affinity labeling of the glucocorticoid receptor protein allowed the production of antibodies against the receptor which facilitated cloning the glucocorticoid receptors. For results in humans see Weinberger, et al., Science 228, 640-742, (1985); Weinberger, et al., Nature, 318, 670-672 (1986) and for results in rats see Miesfeld, R., Nature, 312, 779-781, (1985).

Glucocorticoids which interact with GR have been used for over 50 years to treat inflammatory diseases. It has been clearly shown that glucocorticoids exert their anti-inflammatory activity via the inhibition by GR of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. This inhibition is termed transrepression. It has been shown that the primary mechanism for inhibition of these transcription factors by GR is via a direct physical interaction. This interaction alters the transcription factor complex and inhibits the ability of NF-κB and AP-1 to stimulate transcription. See Jonat, C., et al., Cell, 62, 1189 (1990); Yang-Yen, H. F., et al,. Cell, 62, 1205 (1990); Diamond, M. I. et al., Science 249, 1266 (1990); and Caldenhoven, E. et al., Mol. Endocrinol., 9, 401 (1995). Other mechanisms such as sequestration of co-activators by GR have also been proposed. See Kamer Y, et al., Cell, 85, 403 (1996); and Chakravarti, D. et al., Nature, 383, 99 (1996).

In addition to causing transrepression, the interaction of a glucocorticoid with GR can cause GR to induce transcription of certain genes. This induction of transcription is termed transactivation. Transactivation requires dimerization of GR and binding to a glucocorticoid response element (GRE).

Recent studies using a transgenic GR dimerization defective mouse which cannot bind DNA have shown that the transactivation (DNA binding) activities of GR could be separated from the transrepressive (non-DNA binding) effect of GR. These studies also indicate that many of the side effects of glucocorticoid therapy are due to the ability of GR to induce transcription of various genes involved in metabolism, whereas, transrepression, which does not require DNA binding leads to suppression of inflammation. See Tuckermann, J. et al., Cell, 93, 531 (1998) and Reichardt, H M, EMBO J., 20, 7168 (2001).

Additionally, benzoquinolizinium salts, phenanthrene-based derivatives and benzoperhydroisoindole compounds have been reported in the literature as useful in the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory conditions and cancer, respectively. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,455,248; and 6,291,679; Fields, et al., J Org. Chem. 33(1), 390-395 (1968); Fields and Regan, J. Org. Chem. 36(20), 2986-2990 (1971); Fields and Regan, J. Org. Chem. 36(20), 2991-2994 (1971); Fields, J. Org. Chem. 36(20), 3002-3005 (1971); Westerman and Bradsher, J. Org. Chem. 36(7), 969-970 (1971); Bradsher and Day, J. Het. Chem. 10, 1031-1033 (1973); Fields and Regan, J. Org. Chem. 35(6), 1870-1875 (1970); Fields et al., J. Org. Chem. 36(20) (1971), 2995-3001; Fields and Miller, J. Het Chem. 7, 91-97 (1970); Bradsher and Stone, J. Org. Chem. 33(2), 519-523 (1968); Bradsher and Solomons, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 933-934 (1958); Bradsher and Stone, J. Org. Chem. 34(6), 1700-1702 (1969); Burnham and Bradsher, J. Org. Chem. 37(3), 355-358 (1972); Parham et al., J. Org. Chem. 37(3), 358-362 (1972); Bradsher et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99(8), 2588-2591 (1977); Bradsher et al., J. Org. Chem. 43(5), 822-827 (1978); Westerman and Bradsher, J. Org. Chem. 43(15), 3002-3006 (1978); Westerman and Bradsher, J. Org. Chem. 44(5), 727-733 (1979); Bradsher et al., J. Org. Chem. 44(8), 1199-1201 (19790; PCT application WO 04/005229; and Hart et al., Tetrahedron Letters 52, 4639-4642 (1975). Also, PCT application WO 2004/009017 published Jan. 29, 2004 and assigned to Applicant, describes substituted bicyclooctanes useful in treating diseases such as obesity, diabetes and inflammatory or immune associated diseases.

Compounds that modulate AP-1 and/or NFκB activity would be useful as such compounds would be useful in the treatment of inflammatory and immune diseases and disorders such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, transplant rejection and graft vs. host disease.

Also, with respect to the glucocorticoid receptor pathway, it is known that glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory agents, however their systemic use is limited by side effects. Compounds that retain the anti-inflammatory efficacy of glucocorticoids while minimizing the side effects such as diabetes, osteoporosis and glaucoma would be of great benefit to a very large number of patients with inflammatory diseases.

Additionally concerning GR, the art is in need of compounds that antagonize transactivation. Such compounds may be useful in treating metabolic diseases associated with increased levels of glucocorticoid, such as diabetes, osteoporosis and glaucoma.

Additionally concerning GR, the art is in need of compounds that cause transactivation. Such compounds may be useful in treating metabolic diseases associated with a deficiency in glucocorticoid. Such diseases include Addison's disease.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to new non-steroidal compounds which are modulators of the glucocorticoid receptor, AP-1, and/or NF-κB activity and thus are useful in treating diseases such as obesity, diabetes and inflammatory or immune associated diseases, and to a method for using such compounds to treat these and related diseases.

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to novel compounds of Formula I below:

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

J and K are the same or different and are independently selected from C or N;

R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, hydroxyaryl or NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloalkenyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or a heterocyclic ring;

R^(a) is hydrogen, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cyano, heteroarylaminocarbonyl, cycloheteroalkylcarbonyl, cyanoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, nitro, amino, CHO, CO₂ alkyl, CONR^(e)R^(f), CH₂NR^(g)R^(h), CO₂H, CH₂OH, CH₂NRH, NR^(g)R^(h), NHCH₂R^(g), NHCHR^(g)R^(h), NHCOR^(e), NHCONR^(e)R^(f) or NHSO₂R^(e)R^(f);

R^(b) is hydrogen, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cyano, halo, heteroarylaminocarbonyl, cycloheteroalkylcarbonyl, cyanoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, amino, CHO, CO₂ alkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, CONR^(i)R^(j), CH₂NR^(k)R^(l), CO₂H, CH₂OH, CH₂NHR^(k), NHCH₂R^(k), NR^(k)R^(l), NHCHR^(k)R^(l), NHCOR^(i), NHCONR^(i)R^(j) or NHSO₂R^(i);

where R^(e) and R^(f) are the same or different and are independently selected hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl, and R^(e) and R^(f) can be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heteroaryl or cycloheteroalkyl ring which contains 1, 2 or 3 hetero atoms which can be N, O or S;

R^(g) and R^(h) are the same or different and are independently selected hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl, and R^(g) and R^(h) can be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heteroaryl ring or cycloheteroalkyl ring which contains 1, 2 or 3 hetero atoms which can be N, O or S;

R^(i) and R^(j) are the same or different and are independently selected hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl, and R^(i) and R^(j) can be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5-, 6-or 7-membered heteroaryl ring or cycloheteroalkyl ring which contains 1, 2 or 3 hetero atoms which can be N, O or S;

R^(k) and R^(l) are the same or different and are independently selected hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl, and R^(k) and R^(l) can be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heteroaryl ring or cycloheteroalkyl ring which contains 1, 2 or 3 hetero atoms which can be N, O or S;

R^(c) and R^(d) are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxy, aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, hydroxyaryl, or aryloxyalkyl;

R^(c) and R^(d) may optionally be taken together with the carbon to which they are attached to form a 3- to 7-membered ring which may optionally include an O atom or an N atom;

Z is independently selected from the group consisting of CONR¹R², CH₂NR¹R², SONR¹R² or SO₂NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloalkenyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or a heterocyclic ring; and

one of A and B is an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring and the other is selected from an optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

provided that when both J and K are C; R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, or hydroxyaryl; Z is CONR¹R² or CH₂NR¹R² wherein R¹ and R² are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloalkenyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or hydroxyalkyl; and one of A and B is a 6-membered optionally substituted heterocyclic ring the other A and B is not a 6-membered optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring.

Preferred compounds include the embodiments described in paragraphs 1-11, (below). Whether or not specifically listed, all preferred compounds described herein include prodrugs thereof, as well as stereoisomers thereof, a solvate thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

1. A compound within the scope of formula (I) (defined above) including all stereoisomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a solvate thereof, wherein one of A and B is an optionally substituted 5-membered heterocyclic ring.

2. A compound within the scope of the embodiment of paragraph number 1, including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

one of J and K is N and the other is C or N;

R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, hydroxyaryl or NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloalkenyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or a heterocyclic ring;

Z is independently selected from the group consisting of CONR¹R², CH₂NR¹R² or SO₂NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloalkenyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or a heterocyclic ring; and

one of A and B is an optionally substituted 5-membered heterocyclic ring and the other is an optionally substituted 6-membered carbocyclic ring.

3. The compound within the scope of the embodiment of paragraph number 1, including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the A ring has the structure

and the B ring has the structure

wherein:

X₁, X₂ and X₃ are the same or different and are independently selected from CH, CH₂, CHR¹⁵, CR¹⁶, CR¹⁶R¹⁷, N, NH, NR¹⁸, O or S, and X₅, X₆, X₇ and X₈ are the same or different and are independently selected from CH, CH₂, CHR¹⁹, CR²⁰, CR²R²¹, N, NH, NR²², O or S;

R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁹ R²⁰ and R²¹ are the same or different and are independently selected from halo, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, cyano, nitro, NR^(e)R^(f), CHO, —CO₂alkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, OCONR^(e)R^(f), OCOR^(e), OCOOR^(e)R^(f), —OCO-aryl, —OCO-heteroaryl, CONR^(e)R^(f), CO₂H, OCSOR^(e)R^(f), CSNR^(e)R^(f) NHCOR^(i), NHCONR^(e)R^(f), NHCSNR^(e)R^(f), NHSO_(p)R^(i), —SO₂NR^(e)R^(f), NR^(e)SO₂NR^(e)R^(f), and NR^(e)SO_(p)R^(i); and

R¹⁸ and R²² are the same of different and are independently selected from aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, substituted amino, alkoxyalkyl, CO₂alkyl, C(O)alkyl alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, and cycloalkylalkyl.

4. A compound within the scope of the embodiment of paragraph number 1, including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having the structure of the formula (AA)

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X₂ is N or CR¹⁶.

5. A compound within the scope of the embodiment of paragraph number 4, including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having the structure

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein X₂ is N or CR¹⁶.

6. A compound within the scope of the embodiment of paragraph number 5, including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R is hydrogen, alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;

R^(a) is selected from hydrogen, halo, alkyl, CN, NO₂, NH₂, CHO, CO₂ alkyl, CONR^(e)R^(f), NR^(g)R^(h) or CH₂NR^(g)R^(h);

R^(b) is selected from hydrogen, halo, alkyl, CN, NO₂, NH₂, CHO, CO₂ alkyl, CONR^(i)R^(j), NR^(k)R^(l) or CH₂NR^(k)R^(l);

R^(c) and R^(d) are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, or hydroxy; and

R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, or alkyl.

7. A compound within the scope of the embodiment of paragraph number 5, including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having the structure of formula (C):

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

R is hydrogen, alkyl, or hydroxyalkyl;

R^(b) is selected from hydrogen, halo, alkyl, CN, NO₂, NH₂, CHO, CO₂ alkyl, CONR^(i)R^(j), NR^(k)R^(l) or CH₂NR^(k)R^(l);

one of R¹ and R² is heteroaryl; and

R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, or alkyl.

8. A compound within the scope of the embodiment of paragraph number 7, including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

R is hydrogen or alkyl;

R^(b) is selected from hydrogen, halo, alkyl, CN, NO₂, NH₂, CHO, CO₂ alkyl, CONR^(i)R^(j), NR^(k)R^(l) or CH₂NR^(k)R^(l);

one of R¹and R² is

R^(m) at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl, alkoxy, —CO₂(alkyl), —C(O)N(alkyl)₂, alkyl, heteroarylalkyl, arylalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl;

R^(O) is hydrogen or alkyl;

q is 1 or 2; and

R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, or alkyl.

9. A compound within the scope of the embodiment of paragraph number 1, including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

R is alkyl;

R^(b) is hydrogen or alkyl;

one of R¹ and R² is

R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently hydroxy or alkyl.

10. A compound within the scope of the embodiment of paragraph number 9, including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having the structure of formula (D):

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R is alkyl; R^(b) is hydrogen or alkyl; X₂ is N or CR¹⁶; R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently hydrogen, hydroxy or alkyl; and X is aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl; or

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R is alkyl; R^(b) is hydrogen or alkyl; X₂ is N or CR¹⁶; R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently hydrogen, hydroxy or alkyl; and X_(a) is aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or halo; or

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R is alkyl; R^(b) is hydrogen of alkyl; X₂ is N or CR¹⁶; R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently hydrogen, hydroxy or alkyl; and X_(b) is aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or halo; or

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R is alkyl;

R^(b) is hydrogen, CO₂ alkyl, nitro, cyano, formyl, cycloheteroalkylcarbonyl, alkylaminoalkyl or amino;

X₂ is N or CR¹⁶;

R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently hydrogen, hydroxy or alkyl; and

X is hydrogen, alkyl or halo; or

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where W is S or NH; R^(b) is hydrogen, CO₂ alkyl, nitro, cyano, formyl, cycloheteroalkylcarbonyl, alkylaminoalkyl or amino; X₂ is N or CR¹⁶; R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently hydrogen, hydroxy or alkyl;

T is a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring, each ring substituted by 0-4 R⁵ and 0-1 R⁶;

R³ and R⁴ are independently at each occurrence hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, nitro, NR^(e)R^(f), or CHO provided that if M is CR^(m), X is S, and either of R³ and R⁴ is alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, then the other of R³ and R⁴ is not alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl;

or R³ and R⁴ combine to form ═O or a ═C, wherein the C of ═C is substituted by hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, substituted amino, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl; and

R⁵ and R⁶ are, independently at each occurrence, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cyano, heteroarylaminocarboyl, cycloheteroalkylcarbonyl, cyanoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, nitro, oxo, NR^(e)R^(f), CHO, CO₂ alkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, CONR^(e)R^(f), CH₂NR^(e)R^(f), CO₂H, CH₂OH, CH₂NHC(O)R^(e)R^(f), NHCOR^(i), NHCONR^(e)R^(f), NHSO_(p)R^(i), —SO₂NR^(e)R^(f), NR^(e)SO₂NR^(e)R^(f), or NR^(e)SO_(p)R^(i);

or R⁵ and R⁶ located on adjacent atoms can be taken together to form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloheteroalkyl ring.

11. A compound selected from:

(ii) stereoisomers of (i) thereof, or a solvate of (i) thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of (i) thereof,

In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided pharmaceutical compositions useful in treating endocrine disorders, rheumatic disorders, collagen diseases, dermatologic disease, allergic disease, ophthalmic disease, respiratory disease, hematologic disease, gastrointestinal disease, inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, diabetes, obesity, and neoplastic disease, as well as other uses as described herein, which includes a therapeutically effective amount (depending upon use) of a compound of formula (I) of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating endocrine disorders, rheumatic disorders, collagen diseases, dermatologic disease, allergic disease, ophthalmic disease, respiratory disease, hematologic disease, gastrointestinal disease, inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, diabetes, obesity, and neoplastic disease, that is a disease associated with the expression product of a gene whose transcription is stimulated or repressed by glucocorticoid receptors, or a disease associated with AP-1- and/or NFκB (particularly AP-1-)-induced transcription, or a disease associated with AP-1 and/or NFκB -(particularly AP-1-) dependent gene expression, wherein the disease is associated with the expression of a gene under the regulatory control of AP-1 and/or NF-κB (particularly AP-1), including inflammatory and immune diseases and disorders as described hereinafter, which includes the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) of the invention to a patient.

Another embodiment of the present invention involves a method for treating a disease or disorder associated with the expression product of a gene whose transcription is stimulated or repressed by glucocorticoid receptors, or a method of treating a disease or disorder associated with AP-1- and/or NF-κB-(particularly AP-1-) induced transcription, or a method for treating a disease or disorder associated with AP-1 and/or NF-κB (particularly AP-1) dependent gene expression, wherein the disease is associated with the expression of a gene under the regulatory control of AP-1 and/or NF-κβ (particularly AP-1), such as inflammatory and immune disorders, cancer and tumor disorders, such as solid tumors, lymphomas and leukemia, and fungal infections such as mycosis fungoides.

The term “disease associated with GR transactivation,” as used herein, refers to a disease associated with the transcription product of a gene whose transcription is transactivated by a GR. Such diseases include, but are not limited to: osteoporosis, diabetes, glaucoma, muscle loss, facial swelling, personality changes, hypertension, obesity, depression, and AIDS, the condition of wound healing, primary or secondary andrenocortical insufficiency, and Addison's disease.

The term “treat”, “treating”, or “treatment,” in all grammatical forms, as used herein refers to the prevention, reduction, or amelioration, partial or complete alleviation, or cure of a disease, disorder, or condition, wherein prevention indicates treatment of a person at risk for developing such a disease, disorder or condition.

The terms “glucocorticoid receptor” and “GR,” as used herein, refer either to a member of the nuclear hormone receptor (“NHR”) family of transcription factors which bind glucocorticoids and either stimulate or repress transcription, or to GR-beta. These terms, as used herein, refer to glucocorticoid receptor from any source, including but not limited to: human glucocorticoid receptor as disclosed in Weinberger, et al. Science 228, p640-742 (1985), and in Weinberger, et al. Nature, 318, p670-672 (1986); rat glucocorticoid receptor as disclosed in Miesfeld, R. Nature, 312, p779-781 (1985); mouse glucocortoid receptor as disclosed in Danielson, M. et al. EMBO J., 5, 2513; sheep glucocorticoid receptor as disclosed in Yang, K., et al. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 8, p173-180 (1992); marmoset glucocortoid receptor as disclosed in Brandon, D. D., et al, J. Mol. Endocrinol. 7, p89-96 (1991); and human GR-beta as disclosed in Hollenberg, S M. et al. Nature, 318, p635, 1985, Bamberger, C. M. et al. J. Clin Invest. 95, p2435 (1995).

The term, “disease or disorder associated with AP-1 and/or NF-κB” as used herein, refers to a disease associated with the expression product of a gene under the regulatory control of AP-1 and/or NF-κB. Such diseases include, but are not limited to: inflammatory and immune diseases and disorders; cancer and tumor disorders, such as solid tumors, lymphomas and leukemia; and fungal infections such as mycosis fungoides.

The term “inflammatory or immune associated diseases or disorders” is used herein to encompass any condition, disease, or disorder that has an inflammatory or immune component, including, but not limited to, each of the following conditions: transplant rejection (e.g., kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas (e.g., islet cells), bone marrow, cornea, small bowel, skin allografts, skin homografts (such as employed in burn treatment), heart valve xenografts, serum sickness, and graft vs. host disease, autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Type I and Type II diabetes, juvenile diabetes, obesity, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), pyoderma gangrenum, lupus (systemic lupus erythematosis), myasthenia gravis, psoriasis, dermatitis, dermatomyositis; eczema, seborrhoea, pulmonary inflammation, eye uveitis, hepatitis, Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoimmune thyroiditis, Behcet's or Sjorgen's syndrome (dry eyes/mouth), pernicious or immunohaemolytic anaemia, atherosclerosis, Addison's disease (autoimmune disease of the adrenal glands), idiopathic adrenal insufficiency, autoimmune polyglandular disease (also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome), glomerulonephritis, scleroderma, morphea, lichen planus, viteligo (depigmentation of the skin), alopecia areata, autoimmune alopecia, autoimmune hypopituatarism, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and alveolitis; T-cell mediated hypersensitivity diseases, including contact hypersensitivity, delayed-type hypersensitivity, contact dermatitis (including that due to poison ivy), uticaria, skin allergies, respiratory allergies (hayfever, allergic rhinitis) and gluten-sensitive enteropathy (Celiac disease); inflammatory diseases such as osteoarthritis, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, Sezary's syndrome and vascular diseases which have an inflammatory and or a proliferatory component such as restenosis, stenosis and artherosclerosis. Inflammatory or immune associated diseases or disorders also includes, but is not limited to: endocrine disorders, rheumatic disorders, collagen diseases, dermatologic disease, allergic disease, ophthalmic disease, respiratory disease, hematologic disease, gastrointestinal disease, inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, nonsuppurative thyroiditis, hypercalcemia associated with cancer, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, acute and subacute bursitis, acute nonspecific tenosynovitis, acute gouty arthritis, post-traumatic osteoarthritis, synovitis of osteoarthritis, epicondylitis, acute rheumatic carditis, pemphigus, bullous dermatitis herpetiformis, severe erythema multiforme, exfoliative dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, drug hypersensitivity reactions, allergic conjunctivitis, keratitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, iritis and iridocyclitis, chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, symptomatic sarcoidosis, fulminating or disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis chemotherapy, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults, secondary thrombocytopenia in adults, acquired (autoimmune) hemolytic anemia, leukemias and lymphomas in adults, acute leukemia of childhood, regional enteritis, autoimmune vasculitis, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, solid organ transplant rejection, sepsis. Preferred treatments include treatment of transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Type 1 diabetes, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosis, psoriasis and chronic pulmonary disease.

In addition, in accordance with the present invention a method of treating a disease associated with AP-1-induced and/or NF-κB-induced transcription (particularly AP-1-induced transcription) is provided wherein a compound of formula (I) of the invention is administered to a patient at risk of developing the disease in a therapeutically effective amount to induce NHR transrepression of the AP-1-induced and/or NF-κB-induced transcription (particularly AP-1-induced transcription), thereby treating the disease.

Other therapeutic agents, such as those described hereafter, may be employed with the compounds of the invention in the present methods. In the methods of the present invention, such other therapeutic agent(s) may be administered prior to, simultaneously with or following the administration of the compound(s) of the present invention.

In a particular embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of the aforementioned exemplary disorders irrespective of their etiology, for example, for the treatment of transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and viral infections.

METHODS OF PREPARATION

The compounds of the present invention may be synthesized by many methods available to those skilled in the art of organic chemistry. General synthetic schemes for preparing compounds of the present invention are described below. These schemes are illustrative and are not meant to limit the possible techniques one skilled in the art may use to prepare the compounds disclosed herein. Different methods to prepare the compounds of the present invention will be evident to those skilled in the art. Additionally, the various steps in the synthesis may be performed in an alternate sequence in order to give the desired compound or compounds. Example compounds are typically prepared as racemic mixtures. Preparation of homochiral examples may be carried out by techniques known to one skilled in the art. For example, homochiral compounds may be prepared by separation of racemic products by chiral phase preparative HPLC. Alternatively, the example compounds may be prepared by methods known to give enantiomerically enriched products. For example, [4+2] cycloadditions may be carried out with stereocontrolling elements within either reacting component (diene or dienophile). Products are thus obtained as diastereomerically enriched mixtures which give enantiomerically enriched mixtures after a subsequent step in which the stereocontrolling element (typically a chiral auxiliary such as oxazolidinone, menthol ester, pantolactone ester, etc.) is removed.

Compounds of formula I of the invention are prepared as described in the Schemes and examples below. In the schemes the various groups A, B, J, K, Z, R, R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), and R^(d) correspond to those described above.

Scheme 1 illustrates a general method for the synthesis of intermediates which may be readily elaborated to example compounds of the invention. Thus, [4+2] cycloaddition of an appropriately substituted diene (I) with an appropriately substituted dienophile (II) may give rise to one, any combination, or all of the four isomeric products, III-VI. The cycloadditions are typically carried out at elevated temperature (50° C.-200° C.) and may be accelerated under high pressure, such as is generated when the reaction is carried out in a sealed reaction vessel. The cycloadditions may be carried out neat or in an appropriate, inert solvent (such as benzene, toluene, or nitrobenzene). It is well known that that the cycloaddition may be facilitated by the use of a catalyst, such as diethylaluminium chloride or boron trifluoride diethyl etherate. For the diene I, when only one of J or K is nitrogen, the other of J or K is a hydroxy-substituted carbon, and ring B is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl ring, the diene is a 3-hydroxy isoquinoline which may be obtained commercially or prepared following any general method which has been described for the synthesis of substituted 3-hydroxy isoquinolines (see Fukumi, et al., Heterocycles, 1978; 9(9): 1197-1205 and Simchen, et al., Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1974; 1802-1812). The use of 3-hydroxy isoquinolines as the diene component of [4+2] cycloadditions has been described in the literature (see Plieninger, et al., Chem. Ber., 1964; 97:667-681 and Mirak, et al., Tet. Lett., 1970; 1209-1212 and Laszlo, et al., Hung. Acta Chim. Hungarica, 1985; 120(4): 271-274). When both atoms J and K of the diene I are carbon atoms and ring B is a substituted or un-substituted phenyl ring, the diene I is a naphthalene derivative. In this case, when one of J or K is substituted with a hydroxy group, the diene I is β-naphthol, or a substituted derivative thereof. The use of β-naphthol as the diene component of [4+2] cycloadditions has been described in the literature (see Nazaki, et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap., 1975; 48(11): 3278-3284 and Barrish, et al., BioMed. Chem., 1993; 1(4): 309-325).

Products III-VI of Scheme 1 (where R═CH₃, Z=CO₂Et, R^(c) and R^(d)═H, J=COH, and K═N) may each be elaborated following the reaction sequence depicted in Scheme 2. Treatment of III-VI with an appropriate sulfurization reagent (typically Lawesson's reagent in refluxing toluene or dioxane) provides the intermediate thiolactams VII-X. Saponification of the ethyl ester functionality of VII-X may be carried out under basic conditions (typically 1N lithium hydroxide (“LiOH”) in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (“THF”), water, and methanol) at elevated temperature (typically 80° C.) to provide a carboxylic acid intermediate. Condensation of the acid with an amine NHR¹R² may then be effected under standard amide-forming reaction conditions (typically 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (“HOBt”) or 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (“HOAt”) in the presence of a carbodiimide such as the water-soluble 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (“EDCI”) and tertiary amine base such as triethylamine, or diisopropylethylamine in an appropriate solvent such as dimethylformamide (“DMF”) or acetonitrile) at elevated temperature (typically 70-90° C.) to provide the amide thiolactams XI-XIV. Annulations of the intermediate thiolactams XI-XIV may be carried out by a number of different means to give example compounds of the invention. In one case, activation of the thiolactam functionality by S-methylation may be effected by treatment with iodomethane in the presence of a suitable non-nucleophilic base (typically sodium bicarbonate) in aprotic solvent at elevated temperature (typically THF at 40-60° C.). Triazoles (X₂═N) may be generated from the activated thiolactam by treatment with a hydrazine. The use of unsubstituted hydrazine (typically in an alcoholic solvent such as methanol or ethanol) provides an amidrazone (amide hydrazone) intermediate which can be cyclized to give example compounds of the invention by treatment with an acylating reagent bearing the R₁₆ group. When R₁₆=H, this is ideally carried out by reaction of the intermediate amidrazone with an orthoformate (such as triethylorthoformate). When R₁₆ is methyl or phenyl, the amidrazone may be treated with triethyl orthoacetate or triethyl orthobenzoate in refluxing n-butanol (see Gillard, et al., J. Het. Chem., 1996; 33: 275-279) to provide the triazoles XV-XVIII. The triazoles may also be prepared by treatment of the intermediate S-methyl thioimine with an acyl hydrazine in ethanol at reflux. Commercially available acyl hydrazines include formic hydrazide and acetic hydrazide. In cases where the intermediate acyl amidrazone does not spontaneously cyclodehydrate to generate the example triazole XV-XVIII, cyclodehydration may be effected under dehydrative conditions (typically DMF at or near reflux). Preparation of imidazole examples XV-XVIII (where X₂=CR₁₆) may also be carried out by activation of the thiolactam as the S-methyl thioimine as described above. Treatment of the activated S-methyl thioimine with a suitably protected alpha-amino aldehyde or ketone (such as commercially available alpha-amino acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal) in a warm protic solvent (typically refluxing ethanol) provides an intermediate amidine which may be cyclodehydrated to give the imidazole product in the presence of mineral acid (typically 6 N aqueous hydrochloric acid (“HCl”)) and an alcohol (typically methanol or ethanol) as co-solvent at elevated (80-100° C.) temperature (see Bartsch, et al., J. Het. Chem., 1989; 26: 205-207). Preparation of the imidazoles XV-XVIII may also be carried out by treatment of thiolactams XI-XIV with a suitably protected alpha-amino aldehyde or ketone (such as commercially available alpha-amino acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal) in the presence of mercuric chloride in warm THF (see Gillard, et al., J. Het. Chem., 1995; 32(6): 1741-1745). The resulting intermediate amidines may be cyclodehydrated to provide the imidazole XV-XVIII as described above. The thiolactams XI-XIV may also be converted directly to imidazoles (where X₂=N, R₁₆=CH₃) by treatment with propargylamine and sodium acetate in refluxing n-butanol (see Ambrogi, et al., Eur. J. Med. Chem., 1995; 30: 429-437).

Scheme 3 illustrates an alternative strategy that may be employed for the preparation of triazole or imidazole products XV-XVIII of Scheme 2. In this scenario,lactams III-VI may first be activated as a thiolactam as described above, giving intermediate thiolactams VII-X (leaving group, “LG”=sulfur). Alternatively, the lactam may be activated by alkylation of the lactam carbonyl oxygen to provide an intermediate imino ether (XVIX-XXII), which may be typically prepared by treatment with a “hard” alkylating agent such as Meerwein's salt (trimethyl oxonium tetrafluoroborate) or the like. Subsequent sequential annulation, ester saponification, and amide coupling following conditions described above can then provide the heterocycles XV-XIII.

Definition of Terms

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “lower alkyl”, “alkyl” or “alk” as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes both straight and branched chain hydrocarbons, containing 1 to 20 carbons, preferably 1 to 10 carbons, more preferably 1 to 8 carbons, in the normal chain, and may optionally include an oxygen or nitrogen in the normal chain. Examples of such chains include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, the various branched chain isomers thereof, and the like, as well as such groups including 1 to 4 substituents such as halo, (including F, Br, Cl or I), CF₃, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, aryl(aryl) or diaryl, arylalkyl, arylalkyloxy, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy, amino, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, HO—N═, cycloheteroalkyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkoxyoximyl, arylheteroaryl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkoxy, aryloxyalkyl, aryloxyaryl, alkylamido, alkanoylamino, hydroxyalkyl (alkyl)amino carbonyl, arylcarbonylamino, nitro, cyano, thiol, haloalkyl, trihaloalkyl and/or alkylthio and/or any of the substituents for aryl.

When numbers appear in a subscript after the symbol “C”, the subscript defines with more specificity the number of carbon atoms that a particular group may contain. The subscript “0” refers to a bond. When the term “alkyl” is used together with another group, such as in “arylalkyl”, this conjunction defines with more specificity at least one of the substituents that the alkyl will contain. For example, “arylalkyl” or “(aryl)alkyl” refers to an alkyl group as defined above where at least one of the substituents is an aryl, such as benzyl. Also, the term aryl(CO₀₋₄)alkyl includes a lower alkyl having at least one aryl substituent and also includes an aryl directly bonded to another group, i.e., aryl(C₀)alkyl.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “cycloalkyl” as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes saturated cyclic hydrocarbon groups containing 1 to 3 rings, including monocyclicalkyl, bicyclicalkyl and tricyclicalkyl, containing a total of 3 to 20 carbons forming the rings, preferably 3 to 10 carbons, forming the ring and which may be fused to 1 or 2 aromatic rings (defined below). Accordingly, the term “cycloalkyl” includes groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl and cyclododecyl, cyclohexenyl,

and the like as well as such groups including 1 to 4 substituents such as halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylamido, alkanoylamino, oxo, acyl, arylcarbonylamino, amino, nitro, cyano, thiol and/or alkylthio and/or any of the substituents for alkyl.

The term “cycloalkenyl” as employed herein alone or as part of another group refers to cyclic hydrocarbons containing 3 to 12 carbons, preferably 5 to 10 carbons and 1 or 2 double bonds. Exemplary cycloalkenyl groups include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclohexadienyl, and cycloheptadienyl, which may be optionally substituted as defined for cycloalkyl.

The term “cycloalkylene” as employed herein refers to a “cycloalkyl” group which includes free bonds and thus is a linking group such as

and the like, and may optionally be substituted as defined above for “cycloalkyl”.

The term “alkanoyl” as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to alkyl linked to a carbonyl group.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “lower alkenyl” or “alkenyl” as used herein by itself or as part of another group refers to straight or branched chain radicals of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably 2 to 12 carbons, and more preferably 1 to 8 carbons in the normal chain, which include one to six double bonds in the normal chain, and may optionally include an oxygen or nitrogen in the normal chain. Accordingly,the term “lower alkenyl” or “alkenyl” includes groups such as vinyl, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 2-heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, 4-heptenyl, 3-octenyl, 3-nonenyl, 4-decenyl, 3-undecenyl, 4-dodecenyl, 4,8,12-tetradecatrienyl, and the like as well as such groups including 1 to 4 substituents such as halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, amino, hydroxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, alkanoylamino, alkylamido, arylcarbonylamino, nitro, cyano, thiol, alkylthio and/or any of the substituents for alkyl set out herein.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “lower alkynyl” or “alkynyl” as used herein by itself or as part of another group refers to straight or branched chain radicals of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably 2 to 12 carbons and more preferably 2 to 8 carbons in the normal chain, which include one triple bond in the normal chain, and may optionally include an oxygen or nitrogen in the normal chain. Accordingly, the term “lower alkynyl” or “alkynyl” includes groups such as 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 2-heptynyl, 3-heptynyl, 4-heptynyl, 3-octynyl, 3-nonynyl, 4-decynyl, 3-undecynyl, 4-dodecynyl and the like as well as such groups including 1 to 4 substituents such as halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, amino, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, hydroxy, alkanoylamino, alkylamido, arylcarbonylamino, nitro, cyano, thiol, and/or alkylthio, and/or any of the substituents for alkyl set out herein.

The terms “arylalkenyl” and “arylalkynyl” as used alone or as part of another group refer to alkenyl and alkynyl groups as described above having an aryl substituent.

Where alkyl groups as defined above have single bonds for attachment to other groups at two different carbon atoms, they are termed “alkylene” groups and may optionally be substituted as defined above for “alkyl”.

Where alkenyl groups as defined above and alkynyl groups as defined above, respectively, have single bonds for attachment at two different carbon atoms, they are termed “alkenylene groups” and “alkynylene groups”, respectively, and may optionally be substituted as defined above for “alkenyl” and “alkynyl”.

(CH₂)_(p) and (CH₂)_(q), includes alkylene, allenyl, alkenylene or alkynylene groups, as defined herein, each of which may optionally include an oxygen or nitrogen in the normal chain, which may optionally include 1, 2, or 3 substituents which include alkyl, alkenyl, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, thioalkyl, keto, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, alkylcarbonylamino or alkylcarbonyloxy; the alkyl substituent may be an alkylene moiety of 1 to 4 carbons which may be attached to one or two carbons in the (CH₂)_(p) or (CH₂)_(q) group to form a cycloalkyl group therewith.

Examples of (CH₂)_(p), (CH₂)_(q), alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene include

The term “halogen” or “halo” as used herein alone or as part of another group (e.g. CF₃ is a haloalkyl group) refers to chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine, with chlorine fluorine or bromine being preferred.

The term “metal ion” refers to alkali metal ions such as sodium, potassium or lithium and alkaline earth metal ions such as magnesium and calcium, as well as zinc and aluminum.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “aryl”, as employed herein alone or as part of another group refers to monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic groups containing 6 to 10 carbons in the ring portion (such as phenyl or naphthyl including 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl) and may optionally include one to three additional rings fused to a carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring (such as aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or cycloheteroalkyl rings. Accordingly, the term “aryl” includes, for example

and may be optionally substituted through available carbon atoms with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkenyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkynyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, arylalkenyl, aminocarbonylaryl, arylthio, arylsulfinyl, arylazo, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylheteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, substituted amino wherein the amino includes 1 or 2 substituents (which are alkyl, aryl or any of the other aryl compounds mentioned in the definitions), thiol, alkylthio, arylthio, heteroarylthio, arylthioalkyl, alkoxyarylthio, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfinylalkyl, arylsulfonylamino or arylsulfonaminocarbonyl, carboxy, cycloalkyl, arylalkoxy, aryloxycarbonyl, cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, cycloalkylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxyalkylaminocarbonyl, heteroarylarinocarbonyl, heteroarylalkylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, N-hydroxyalkyl(N-alkyl)aminocarbonyl, cycloheteroalkylaminocarbonyl, cycloheteroalkylalkylarninocarbonyl, N-aryl(N-alkyl)aminocarbonyl, N-arylalkyl(N-cyanoalkyl)aminocarbonyl, dialkylaminoalkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkyl-, arylalkyl- or aryl-cycloheteroalkylaminocarbonyl, N-dialkylaminoalkyl(N-alkyl or N-arylalkyl)aminocarbonyl, N-heteroarylalkyl(N-alkyl)aminocarbonyl, N-arylalkyl(N-alkyl)aminocarbonyl, N-dialkylamino(N-arylalkyl)aminocarbonyl, N-hydroxyalkyl(N-arylalkyl)arninocarbonyl, aminoalkyloxycarbonyl, cycloheteroalkylcarbonyl, N═N═N, alkylsulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, heteroarylaminosulfonyl, and/or any of the substituents for alkyl set out herein.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “lower alkoxy”, “alkoxy”, “aryloxy” or “aralkoxy” as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes any of the above alkyl, aralkyl or aryl groups linked to an oxygen atom.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “substituted amino” as employed herein alone or as part of another group refers to amino substituted with one or two substituents, which may be the same or different, such as alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or thioalkyl. These substituents may optionally be further substituted with a carboxylic acid and/or any of the substituents for alkyl as set out above. In addition, the amino substituents may be taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form 1-pyrrolidinyl, 1-piperidinyl, 1-azepinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 4-thiamorpholinyl, 1-piperazinyl, 4-alkyl-1-piperazinyl, 4-arylalkyl-1-piperazinyl, 4-diarylalkyl-1-piperazinyl, 1-pyrrolidinyl, 1-piperidinyl, or 1-azepinyl, optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, halo, trifluoromethyl or hydroxy.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “lower alkylthio”, “alkylthio”, “arylthio” or “aralkylthio” as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes any of the above alkyl, aralkyl or aryl groups linked to a sulfur atom.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “acyl” as employed herein by itself or part of another group, as defined herein, refers to an organic radical linked to a carbonyl

group; examples of acyl groups include any of the R groups attached to a carbonyl, such as alkanoyl, alkenoyl, aroyl, aralkanoyl, heteroaroyl, cycloalkanoyl, cycloheteroalkanoyl and the like.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “lower alkylamino”, “alkylamino”, “acylamino”, “arylamino”, or “arylalkylamino” as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes any of the above alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl acyl groups linked to a nitrogen atom. The term “acylamino”, for example, includes the group —NHC(O)alkyl.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “cycloheteroalkyl” as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to a 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring which includes 1 to 2 hetero atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulfur, linked through a carbon atom or a heteroatom, where possible, optionally via the linker (CH₂)_(p) (where p is 0, 1, 2 or 3), such as

and the like. The above groups may include 1 to 4 substituents such as alkyl, halo, oxo and/or any of of the substituents for alkyl or aryl set out herein. In addition, any of the cycloheteroalkyl rings can be fused to a cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or cycloheteroalkyl ring.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “heteroaryl” as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to a 5-, 6- or 7- membered aromatic ring which includes 1, 2, 3 or 4 hetero atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, and such rings fused to an aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or cycloheteroalkyl ring (e.g. benzothiophenyl, indolyl), and includes possible N-oxides, linked through a carbon atom or a heteroatom, where possible, optionally via the linker (CH₂)_(q) (where q is 0, 1, 2 or 3). The heteroaryl group may optionally include 1 to 4 substituents such as any of the substituents for alkyl or aryl set out above. Examples of heteroaryl groups include the following:

and the like.

The term “cycloheteroalkylalkyl” as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to cycloheteroalkyl groups as defined above linked through a C atom or heteroatom to a (CH₂)_(p) chain.

The term “heteroarylalkyl” or “heteroarylalkenyl” as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to a heteroaryl group as defined above linked through a C atom or heteroatom to a —(CH₂)_(q)- chain, alkylene or alkenylene as defined above.

The term “polyhaloalkyl” as used herein refers to an “alkyl” group as defined above which includes from 2 to 9, preferably from 2 to 5, halo substituents, such as F or Cl, preferably F, such as CF₃CH₂, CF₃ or CF₃CF₂CH₂.

The term “polyhaloalkyloxy” as used herein refers to an “alkoxy” or “alkyloxy” group as defined above which includes from 2 to 9, preferably from 2 to 5, halo substituents, such as F or Cl, preferably F, such as CF₃CH₂O, CF₃O or CF₃CF₂CH₂O.

The term ‘homochiral’ refers to a compound of high enantiomeric purity (greater than 95% enantiomeric excess). The term ‘homochiral’ does not define or imply the absolute stereochemical assignment of the compound to which it refers.

The term “prodrug” denotes a compound which, upon administration to a subject, undergoes chemical conversion by metabolic or chemical processes to yield a compound of the formula (I), and/or a salt and/or solvate thereof. For example, compounds containing a carboxy group can form physiologically hydrolyzable esters which serve as prodrugs by being hydrolyzed in the body to yield formula (I) compounds per se. Such prodrugs are preferably administered orally since hydrolysis in many instances occurs principally under the influence of the digestive enzymes. Parenteral administration may be used where the ester per se is active, or in those instances where hydrolysis occurs in the blood. Examples of physiologically hydrolyzable esters of compounds of formula (I) include C₁₋₆alkylbenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, indanyl, phthalyl, methoxymethyl, C₁₋₆alkanoyloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, e.g. acetoxymethyl, pivaloyloxymethyl or propionyloxymethyl, C₁₋₆alkoxycarbonyloxy-C₁₋₆alkyl, e.g. methoxycarbonyl-oxymethyl or ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl, glycyloxymethyl, phenylglycyloxymethyl, (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)-methyl and other well known physiologically hydrolyzable esters used, for example, in the penicillin and cephalosporin arts. Such esters may be prepared by conventional techniques known in the art.

Prodrug ester examples include the following groups: (1-alkanoyloxy)alkyl such as,

wherein R^(Z), R^(t) and R^(y) are H, alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl; however, R^(Z)O cannot be HO.

Further, examples of prodrug esters include

Other examples of suitable prodrug esters include

wherein R^(Z) can be H, alkyl (such as methyl or t-butyl), arylalkyl (such as benzyl) or aryl (such as phenyl); R^(V) is H, alkyl, halogen or alkoxy, R^(u) is alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or alkoxyl, and n₁ is 0, 1 or 2.

For further examples of prodrug derivatives (including prodrug esters), see:

a) Design of Prodrugs, edited by H. Bundgaard, (Elsevier, 1985) and Methods in Enzymology, Vol.42, p. 309-396, edited by K. Widder, et al. (Acamedic Press, 1985);

b) A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, edited by Krosgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Chapter 5, “Design and Application of Prodrugs,” by H. Bundgaard, pp. 113-191 (1991); and

c) H. Bundgaard, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 8, 1-38 (1992).

The term “tautomer” refers to compounds of the formula (I) and salts thereof that may exist in their tautomeric form, in which hydrogen atoms are transposed to other parts of the molecules and the chemical bonds between the atoms of the molecules are consequently rearranged. It should be understood that the all tautomeric forms, insofar as they may exist, are included within the invention.

The terms pharmaceutically acceptable “salt” and “salts” refer to basic salts formed with inorganic and organic bases. Such salts include ammonium salts; alkali metal salts, such as lithium, sodium and potassium salts (which are preferred); alkaline earth metal salts, such as calcium and magnesium salts; salts with organic bases, such as amine like salts (e.g., dicyclohexylamine salt, benzathine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and hydrabamine salts); and salts with amino acids like arginine, lysine and the like; and zwitterions, the so-called “inner salts”. Nontoxic, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are preferred, although other salts are also useful, e.g., in isolating or purifying the product.

The term pharmaceutically acceptable “salt” and “salts” also includes acid addition salts. These are formed, for example, with strong inorganic acids, such as mineral acids, for example sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid or a hydrohalic acid such as HCl or HBr, with strong organic carboxylic acids, such as alkanecarboxylic acids of 1 to 4 carbon atoms which are unsubstituted or substituted, for example, by halogen, for example acetic acid, such as saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, for example oxalic, malonic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, phthalic or terephthalic acid, such as hydroxycarboxylic acids, for example ascorbic, glycolic, lactic, malic, tartaric or citric acid, such as amino acids, (for example aspartic or glutamic acid or lysine or arginine), or benzoic acid, or with organic sulfonic acids, such as (C1-C4) alkyl or arylsulfonic acids which are unsubstituted or substituted, for example by halogen, for example methanesulfonic acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid.

All stereoisomers of the compounds of the instant invention are contemplated, either in admixture or in pure or substantially pure form. The compounds of the present invention can have asymmetric centers at any of the carbon atoms including any one or the R substituents. Consequently, compounds of formula I can exist in enantiomeric or diastereomeric forms or in mixtures thereof. The processes for preparation can utilize racemates, enantiomers or diastereomers as starting materials. When diastereomeric or enantiomeric products are prepared, they can be separated by conventional methods for example, chromatographic or fractional crystallization.

The inventive compounds may be in the free or solvate (e.g. hydrate) form.

Combinations

Where desired, the compounds of structure I may be used in combination with one or more other types of therapeutic agents such as immunosuppressants, anticancer agents, anti-viral agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-fungal agents, antibiotics, anti-vascular hyperproliferation agents, anti-depressive agents, hypolipidemic agents or lipid-lowering agents or lipid modulating agents, antidiabetic agents, anti-obesity agents, antihypertensive agents, platelet aggregation inhibitors, and/or anti-osteoporosis agents, which may be administered orally in the same dosage form, in a separate oral dosage form or by injection.

The immunosuppressants which may be optionally employed in combination with compounds of formula I of the invention include cyclosporins, for example cyclosporin A, mycophenolate, interferon-beta, deoxyspergolin, FK-506 or Ant.-IL-2.

The anti-cancer agents which may be optionally employed in combination with compounds of formula I of the invention include azathiprine, 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, methotrexate, thiotepa, carboplatin, and the like.

The anti-viral agents which may be optionally employed in combination with compounds of formula I of the invention include abacavir, aciclovir, ganciclovir, zidanocin, vidarabine, and the like.

The anti-inflammatory agents which may be optionally employed in combination with compounds of formula I of the invention include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, cox-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib, rofecoxib, aspirin, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac sodium, indomethacin, piroxicam, steroids such as prednisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, triamcinolone diacetate, gold compounds, such as gold sodium thiomalate, TNF-α inhibitors such as tenidap, anti-TNF antibodies or soluble TNF receptor, and rapamycin (sirolimus or Rapamune) or derivatives thereof, infliximab (Remicade® Centocor, Inc.). CTLA-4Ig, LEA29Y, antibodies such as anti-ICAM-3, anti-IL-2 receptor (Anti-Tac), anti-CD45RB, anti-CD2, anti-CD3 (OKT-3), anti-CD4, anti-CD80, anti-CD86, monoclonal antibody OKT3, agents blocking the interaction between CD40 and CD154 (a.k.a. “gp39”), such as antibodies specific for CD40 and/or CD154, fusion proteins such as etanercept, fusion proteins constructed from CD40 and/or CD154gp39 (e.g. CD40Ig and CD8gp39), inhibitors, such as nuclear translocation inhibitors, of NF-kappa B function, such as deoxyspergualin (DSG).

The anti-fungal agents which may be optionally employed in combination with compounds of formula I of the invention include fluconazole, miconazole, amphotericin B, and the like.

The antibiotics which may be optionally employed in combination with compounds of formula I of the invention include penicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, doxycycline, vancomycin, minocycline, clindamycin or cefalexin.

The anti-vascular hyperproliferation agents which may be optionally employed with compounds of formula I of the invention include methotrexate, leflunomide, FK506 (tacrolimus, Prograf),

The hypolipidemic agent or lipid-lowering agent or lipid modulating agents which may be optionally employed in combination with the compounds of formula I of the invention may include 1,2,3 or more MTP inhibitors, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, squalene synthetase inhibitors, fibric acid derivatives, ACAT inhibitors, lipoxygenase inhibitors, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, ileal Na⁺/bile acid cotransporter inhibitors, upregulators of LDL receptor activity, bile acid sequestrants, and/or nicotinic acid and derivatives thereof.

MTP inhibitors employed herein include MTP inhibitors disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,595,872, 5,739,135, 5,712,279, 5,760,246, 5,827,875, 5,885,983 and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/175,180 filed Oct. 20, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,440. Preferred are each of the preferred MTP inhibitors disclosed in each of the above patents and applications.

All of the above U.S. Patents and applications are incorporated herein by reference.

Most preferred MTP inhibitors to be employed in accordance with the present invention include preferred MTP inhibitors as set out in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,739,135 and 5,712,279, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,246.

The most preferred MTP inhibitor is 9-[4-[4-[[2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoyl]amino]-1-piperidinyl]butyl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide

The hypolipidemic agent may be an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor which includes, but is not limited to, mevastatin and related compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,983,140, lovastatin (mevinolin) and related compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,231,938, pravastatin and related compounds such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,227, simvastatin and related compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,448,784 and 4,450,171. Other HMG CoA reductase inhibitors which may be employed herein include, but are not limited to, fluvastatin, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,772, cerivastatin disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,006,530 and 5,177,080, atorvastatin disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,681,893, 5,273,995, 5,385,929 and 5,686,104, itavastatin (Nissan/Sankyo's nisvastatin (NK-104)) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,930, Shionogi-Astra/Zeneca visastatin (ZD-4522) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,440, and related statin compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,675, pyrazole analogs of mevalonolactone derivatives as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,613,610, indene analogs of mevalonolactone derivatives as disclosed in PCT application WO 86/03488, 6-[2-(substituted-pyrrol-1-yl)-alkyl)pyran-2-ones and derivatives thereof as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,647,576, Searle's SC-45355 (a 3-substituted pentanedioic acid derivative) dichioroacetate, imidazole analogs of mevalonolactone as disclosed in PCT application WO 86/07054, 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-propane-phosphonic acid derivatives as disclosed in French Patent No. 2,596,393, 2,3-disubstituted pyrrole, furan and thiophene derivatives as disclosed in European Patent Application No. 0221025, naphthyl analogs of mevalonolactone as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,686,237, octahydronaphthalenes such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,499,289, keto analogs of mevinolin (lovastatin) as disclosed in European Patent Application No.0,142,146 A2, and quinoline and pyridine derivatives disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,219 and 5,691,322.

In addition, phosphinic acid compounds useful in inhibiting HMG CoA reductase suitable for use herein are disclosed in GB 2205837.

The squalene synthetase inhibitors suitable for use herein include, but are not limited to, α-phosphono-sulfonates disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,396, those disclosed by Biller et al, J. Med. Chem., Vol. 31, No. 10, pp 1869-1871 (1988), including isoprenoid (phosphinyl-methyl)phosphonates as well as other known squalene synthetase inhibitors, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,721 and 4,924,024 and in Biller, S. A., Neuenschwander, K., Ponpipom, M. M., and Poulter, C. D., Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2, 1-40 (1996).

In addition, other squalene synthetase inhibitors suitable for use herein include the terpenoid pyrophosphates disclosed by P. Ortiz de Montellano et al, J. Med. Chem., 1977, 20, 243-249, the farnesyl diphosphate analog A and presqualene pyrophosphate (PSQ-PP) analogs as disclosed by Corey and Volante, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 98, 1291-1293 (1976), phosphinylphosphonates reported by McClard, R. W. et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 5544 (1987), and cyclopropanes reported by Capson, T. L., PhD dissertation, Dept. Med. Chem. U of Utah, Abstract, Table of Contents, pp 16, 17, 40-43, 48-51, Summary (June, 1987).

Other hypolipidemic agents suitable for use herein include, but are not limited to, fibric acid derivatives, such as fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, bezafibrate, ciprofibrate, clinofibrate and the like, probucol, and related compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,836, probucol and gemfibrozil being preferred, bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine, colestipol and DEAE-Sephadex (Secholex®, Policexide®) and cholestagel (Sankyo/Geltex), as well as lipostabil (Rhone-Poulenc), Eisai E-5050 (an N-substituted ethanolamine derivative), imanixil (HOE-402), tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), istigmastanylphos-phorylcholine (SPC, Roche), aminocyclodextrin (Tanabe Seiyoku), Ajinomoto AJ-814 (azulene derivative), melinamide (Sumitomo), Sandoz 58-035, American Cyanamid CL-277,082 and CL-283,546 (disubstituted urea derivatives), nicotinic acid (niacin), acipimox, acifran, neomycin, p-aminosalicylic acid, aspirin, poly(diallylmethylamine) derivatives such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,759,923, quaternary amine poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and ionenes such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,009, and other known serum cholesterol lowering agents.

The hypolipidemic agent may be an ACAT inhibitor such as disclosed in, Drugs of the Future 24, 9-15 (1999), (Avasimibe); “The ACAT inhibitor, Cl-1011 is effective in the prevention and regression of aortic fatty streak area in hamsters”, Nicolosi et al, Atherosclerosis (Shannon, Irel). 137(1), 77-85 (1998) “The pharmacological profile of FCE 27677: a novel ACAT inhibitor with potent hypolipidemic activity mediated by selective suppression of the hepatic secretion of ApoB100-containing lipoprotein”, Ghiselli, Giancarlo, Cardiovasc. Drug Rev. (1998), 16(1), 16-30; “RP 73163: a bioavailable alkylsulfinyl-diphenylimidazole ACAT inhibitor”, Smith, C., et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 6(1), 47-50 (1996); “ACAT inhibitors: physiologic mechanisms for hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic activities in experimental animals”, Krause et al, Editor(s): Ruffolo, Robert R., Jr.; Hollinger, Mannfred A., Inflammation: Mediators Pathways 173-98 (1995), Publisher: CRC, Boca Raton, Fla.; “ACAT inhibitors: potential anti-atherosclerotic agents”, Sliskovic et al, Curr. Med. Chem. 1(3), 204-25 1994); “Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyl transferase (ACAT) as hypocholesterolemic agents. 6. The first water-soluble ACAT inhibitor with lipid-regulating activity. Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). 7. Development of a series of substituted N-phenyl-N′-[(1-phenylcyclopentyl)methyl]ureas with enhanced hypocholesterolemic activity”, Stout et al, Chemtracts: Org. Chem. 8(6), 359-62 (1995), or TS-962 (Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd).

The hypolipidemic agent may be an upregulator of LD2 receptor activity such as MD-700 (Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd) and LY295427 (Eli Lilly).

The hypolipidemic agent may be a cholesterol absorption inhibitor preferably Schering-Plough's ezetimibe (SCH58235) and SCH48461 as well as those disclosed in Atherosclerosis 115, 45-63 (1995) and J. Med. Chem. 41, 973 (1998).

The hypolipidemic agent may be an ileal Na⁺/bile acid cotransporter inhibitor such as disclosed in Drugs of the Future, 24, 425-430 (1999).

The lipid-modulating agent may be a cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor such as Pfizer's CP 529,414 (WO/0038722 and EP 818448) and Pharmacia's SC-744 and SC-795.

The ATP citrate lyase inhibitor which may be employed in the combination of the invention may include, for example, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,954.

Preferred hypolipidemic agents are pravastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, itavastatin and visastatin and ZD-4522.

The above-mentioned U.S. patents are incorporated herein by reference. The amounts and dosages employed will be as indicated in the Physician's Desk Reference and/or in the patents set out above.

The compounds of formula I of the invention will be employed in a weight ratio to the hypolipidemic agent (were present), within the range from about 500:1 to about 1:500, preferably from about 100:1 to about 1:100.

The dose administered must be carefully adjusted according to age, weight and condition of the patient, as well as the route of administration, dosage form and regimen and the desired result.

The dosages and formulations for the hypolipidemic agent will be as disclosed in the various patents and applications discussed above.

The dosages and formulations for the other hypolipidemic agent to be employed, where applicable, will be as set out in the latest edition of the Physicians' Desk Reference.

For oral administration, a satisfactory result may be obtained employing the MTP inhibitor in an amount within the range of from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg and preferably from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg, one to four times daily.

A preferred oral dosage form, such as tablets or capsules, will contain the MTP inhibitor in an amount of from about 1 to about 500 mg, preferably from about 2 to about 400 mg, and more preferably from about 5 to about 250 mg, one to four times daily.

For oral administration, a satisfactory result may be obtained employing an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, for example, pravastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin or cerivastatin in dosages employed as indicated in the Physician's Desk Reference, such as in an amount within the range of from about 1 to 2000 mg, and preferably from about 4 to about 200 mg.

The squalene synthetase inhibitor may be employed in dosages in an amount within the range of from about 10 mg to about 2000 mg and preferably from about 25 mg to about 200 mg.

A preferred oral dosage form, such as tablets or capsules, will contain the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor in an amount from about 0.1 to about 100 mg, preferably from about 0.5 to about 80 mg, and more preferably from about 1 to about 40 mg.

A preferred oral dosage form, such as tablets or capsules will contain the squalene synthetase inhibitor in an amount of from about 10 to about 500 mg, preferably from about 25 to about 200 mg.

The hypolipidemic agent may also be a lipoxygenase inhibitor including a 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) inhibitor such as benzimidazole derivatives as disclosed in WO 97/12615, 15-LO inhibitors as disclosed in WO 97/12613, isothiazolones as disclosed in WO 96/38144, and 15-LO inhibitors as disclosed by Sendobry et al “Attenuation of diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits with a highly selective 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor lacking significant antioxidant properties”, Brit. J. Pharmacology 120, 1199-1206 (1997), and Cornicelli et al, “15-Lipoxygenase and its Inhibition: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Vascular Disease”, Current Pharmaceutical Design, 5, 11-20 (1999).

The compounds of formula I and the hypolipidemic agent may be employed together in the same oral dosage form or in separate oral dosage forms taken at the same time.

The compositions described above may be administered in the dosage forms as described above in single or divided doses of one to four times daily. It may be advisable to start a patient on a low dose combination and work up gradually to a high dose combination.

The preferred hypolipidemic agent is pravastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin or cerivastatin as well as niacin and/or cholestagel.

The other antidiabetic agent which may be optionally employed in combination with the compound of formula I may be 1,2,3 or more antidiabetic agents or antihyperglycemic agents including insulin secretagogues or insulin sensitizers, or other antidiabetic agents preferably having a mechanism of action different from the compounds of formula I of the invention, which may include biguanides, sulfonyl ureas, glucosidase inhibitors, PPAR γ agonists, such as thiazolidinediones, aP2 inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP4) inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, and/or meglitinides, as well as insulin, and/or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).

The other antidiabetic agent may be an oral antihyperglycemic agent preferably a biguanide such as metformin or phenformin or salts thereof, preferably metformin HCl.

Where the antidiabetic agent is a biguanide, the compounds of structure I will be employed in a weight ratio to biguanide within the range from about 0.001:1 to about 10:1, preferably from about 0.01:1 to about 5:1.

The other antidiabetic agent may also preferably be a sulfonyl urea such as glyburide (also known as glibenclamide), glimepiride (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,785), glipizide, gliclazide or chlorpropamide, other known sulfonylureas or other antihyperglycemic agents which act on the ATP-dependent channel of the □-cells, with glyburide and glipizide being preferred, which may be administered in the same or in separate oral dosage forms.

The compounds of structure I will be employed in a weight ratio to the sulfonyl urea in the range from about 0.01:1 to about 100:1, preferably from about 0.02:1 to about 5:1.

The oral antidiabetic agent may also be a glucosidase inhibitor such as acarbose (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,769) or miglitol (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,436), which may be administered in the same or in a separate oral dosage forms.

The compounds of structure I will be employed in a weight ratio to the glucosidase inhibitor within the range from about 0.01:1 to about 100:1, preferably from about 0.05:1 to about 10:1.

The compounds of structure I may be employed in combination with a PPAR γ agonist such as a thiazolidinedione oral anti-diabetic agent or other insulin sensitizers (which has an insulin sensitivity effect in NIDDM patients) such as troglitazone (Warner-Lambert's Rezulin®, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,572,912), rosiglitazone (SKB), pioglitazone (Takeda), Mitsubishi's MCC-555 (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,016), Glaxo-Welcome's GL-262570, englitazone (CP-68722, Pfizer) or darglitazone (CP-86325, Pfizer, isaglitazone (MIT/J&J), JTT-501 (JPNT/P&U), L-895645 (Merck), R-119702 (Sankyo/WL), NN-2344 (Dr. Reddy/NN), or YM-440 (Yamanouchi), preferably rosiglitazone and pioglitazone.

The compounds of structure I will be employed in a weight ratio to the thiazolidinedione in an amount within the range from about 0.01:1 to about 100:1, preferably from about 0.05 to about 10:1.

The sulfonyl urea and thiazolidinedione in amounts of less than about 150 mg oral antidiabetic agent may be incorporated in a single tablet with the compounds of structure I.

The compounds of structure I may also be employed in combination with a antihyperglycemic agent such as insulin or with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) such as GLP-1(1-36) amide, GLP-1(7-36) amide, GLP-1(7-37) (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,492 to Habener, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference), as well as AC2993 (Amylin) and LY-315902 (Lilly), which may be administered via injection, intranasal, inhalation or by transdermal or buccal devices.

Where present, metformin, the sulfonyl ureas, such as glyburide, glimepiride, glipyride, glipizide, chlorpropamide and gliclazide and the glucosidase inhibitors acarbose or miglitol or insulin (injectable, pulmonary, buccal, or oral) may be employed in formulations as described above and in amounts and dosing as indicated in the Physician's Desk Reference (PDR).

Where present, metformin or salt thereof may be employed in amounts within the range from about 500 to about 2000 mg per day which may be administered in single or divided doses one to four times daily.

Where present, the thiazolidinedione anti-diabetic agent may be employed in amounts within the range from about 0.01 to about 2000 mg/day which may be administered in single or divided doses one to four times per day.

Where present insulin may be employed in formulations, amounts and dosing as indicated by the Physician's Desk Reference.

Where present GLP-1 peptides may be administered in oral buccal formulations, by nasal administration or parenterally as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,346,701 (TheraTech), U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,614,492 and 5,631,224 which are incorporated herein by reference.

The other antidiabetic agent may also be a PPAR α/γ dual agonist such as AR-HO39242 (Astra/Zeneca), GW-409544 (Glaxo-Wellcome), KRP297 (Kyorin Merck) as well as those disclosed by Murakami et al, “A Novel Insulin Sensitizer Acts As a Coligand for Peroxisome Proliferation-Activated Receptor Alpha (PPAR alpha) and PPAR gamma. Effect on PPAR alpha Activation on Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Liver of Zucker Fatty Rats”, Diabetes 47, 1841-1847 (1998).

The antidiabetic agent may be an SGLT2 inhibitor such as disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/679,027, filed Oct. 4, 2000 employing dosages as set out therein. Preferred are the compounds designated as preferred in the above application.

The antidiabetic agent may be an aP2 inhibitor such as disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/391,053, filed Sep. 7, 1999, and in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/519,079, filed Mar. 6, 2000 employing dosages as set out herein. Preferred are the compounds designated as preferred in the above application.

The antidiabetic agent may be a DP4 inhibitor such as disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/788,173 filed Feb. 16, 2001 , WO99/38501, WO99/46272, WO99/67279 (PROBIODRUG), WO99/67278 (PROBIODRUG), WO99/61431 (PROBIODRUG), NVP-DPP728A (1-[[[2-[(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)amino]ethyl]amino]acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine) (Novartis) (preferred) as disclosed by Hughes et al, Biochemistry, 38(36), 11597-11603, (1999), TSL-225 (tryptophyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (disclosed by Yamada et al, Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Lett. 8 1537-1540 (1998), 2-cyanopyrrolidides and 4-cyanopyrrolidides as disclosed by Ashworth et al, Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Lett., Vol. 6, No. 22, pp 1163-1166 and 2745-2748 (1996) employing dosages as set out in the above references.

The meglitinide which may optionally be employed in combination with the compound of formula I of the invention may be repaglinide, nateglinide (Novartis) or KAD1229 (PF/Kissei), with repaglinide being preferred.

The compound of formula I will be employed in a weight ratio to the meglitinide, PPAR γ agonist, PPAR α/γ dual agonist, aP2 inhibitor, DP4 inhibitor or SGLT2 inhibitor within the range from about 0.01: 1 to about 100: 1, preferably from about 0.05 to about 10:1.

The other type of therapeutic agent which may be optionally employed with a compound of formula I may be 1, 2, 3 or more of an anti-obesity agent including a beta 3 adrenergic agonist, a lipase inhibitor, a serotonin (and dopamine) reuptake inhibitor, an aP2 inhibitor, a thyroid receptor agonist and/or an anorectic agent.

The beta 3 adrenergic agonist which may be optionally employed in combination with a compound of formula I may be AJ9677 (Takeda/Dainippon), L750355 (Merck), or CP331648 (Pfizer) or other known beta 3 agonists as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,541,204, 5,770,615, 5,491,134, 5,776,983 and 5,488,064, with AJ9677, L750,355 and CP331648 being preferred.

The lipase inhibitor which may be optionally employed in combination with a compound of formula I may be orlistat or ATL-962 (Alizyme), with orlistat being preferred.

The serotonin (and dopoamine) reuptake inhibitor which may be optionally employed in combination with a compound of formula I may be sibutramine, topiramate (Johnson & Johnson) or axokine (Regeneron), with sibutramine and topiramate being preferred.

The thyroid receptor agonist which may be optionally employed in combination with a compound of formula I may be a thyroid receptor ligand as disclosed in WO97/21993 (U. Cal SF), WO99/00353 (KaroBio), GB98/284425 (KaroBio), and U.S. Provisional Application 60/183,223 filed Feb. 17, 2000, with compounds of the KaroBio applications and the above U.S. provisional application being preferred.

The anorectic agent which may be optionally employed in combination with a compound of formula I may be dexamphetamine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine or mazindol, with dexamphetamine being preferred.

The various anti-obesity agents described above may be employed in the same dosage form with the compound of formula I or in different dosage forms, in dosages and regimens as generally known in the art or in the PDR.

The antihypertensive agents which may be employed in combination with the compound of formula I of the invention include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, NEP/ACE inhibitors, as well as calcium channel blockers, β-adrenergic blockers and other types of antihypertensive agents including diuretics.

The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor which may be employed herein includes those containing a mercapto (—S—) moiety such as substituted proline derivatives, such as any of those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,046,889 to Ondetti et al mentioned above, with captopril, that is, 1-[(2S)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropionyl]-L-proline, being preferred, and mercaptoacyl derivatives of substituted prolines such as any of those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,316,906 with zofenopril being preferred.

Other examples of mercapto containing ACE inhibitors that may be employed herein include rentiapril (fentiapril, Santen) disclosed in Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 10:131 (1983); as well as pivopril and YS980.

Other examples of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors which may be employed herein include any of those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,829 mentioned above, with N-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenylpropyl)-L-alanyl-L-proline, that is, enalapril, being preferred, any of the phosphonate substituted amino or imino acids or salts disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,452,790 with (S)-1-[6-amino-2-[[hydroxy-(4-phenylbutyl)phosphinyl]oxy]-1-oxohexyl]-L-proline or (ceronapril) being preferred, phosphinylalkanoyl prolines disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,168,267 mentioned above with fosinopril being preferred, any of the phosphinylaltkanoyl substituted prolines disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,337,201, and the phosphonamidates disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,432,971 discussed above.

Other examples of ACE inhibitors that may be employed herein include Beecham's BRL 36,378 as disclosed in European Patent Application Nos. 80822 and 60668; Chugai's MC-838 disclosed in C.A. 102:72588v and Jap. J. Pharmacol. 40:373 (1986); Ciba-Geigy's CGS 14824 (3-([1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenyl-(IS)-propyl]amino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-oxo-1-(3S)-benzazepine-1 acetic acid HCl) disclosed in U.K. Patent No. 2103614 and CGS 16,617 (3(S)-[[(1S)-5-amino-1-carboxypentyl]amino]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-oxo-1H-1-benzazepine-1-ethanoic acid) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,575; cetapril (alacepril, Dainippon) disclosed in Eur. Therap. Res. 39:671 (1986); 40:543 (1986); ramipril (Hoechsst) disclosed in Euro. Patent No. 79-022 and Curr. Ther. Res. 40:74 (1986); Ru 44570 (Hoechst) disclosed in Arzneimittelforschung 34:1254 (1985), cilazapril (Hoffman-LaRoche) disclosed in J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 9:39 (1987); R 31-2201 (Hoffman-LaRoche) disclosed in FEBS Lett. 165:201 (1984); lisinopril (Merck), indalapril (delapril) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,385,051; indolapril (Schering) disclosed in J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 5:643, 655 (1983), spirapril (Schering) disclosed in Acta. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 59 (Supp. 5):173 (1986); perindopril (Servier) disclosed in Eur. J. clin. Pharmacol. 31:519 (1987); quinapril (Warner-Lambert) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,344,949 and C1925 (Warner-Lambert) ([3S-[2[R(*)R(*)]]3R(*)]-2-[2-[[1-(ethoxy-carbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl]amino]-1-oxopropyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-3-isoquinolinecarboxylic acid HCl)disclosed in Pharmacologist 26:243, 266 (1984), WY-44221 (Wyeth) disclosed in J. Med. Chem. 26:394 (1983).

Preferred ACE inhibitors are captopril, fosinopril, enalapril, lisinopril, quinapril, benazepril, fentiapril, ramipril and moexipril.

NEP/ACE inhibitors may also be employed herein in that they possess neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitory activity and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Examples of NEP/ACE inhibitors suitable for use herein include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,362,727, 5,366,973, 5,225,401, 4,722,810, 5,223,516,4,749,688, 5,552,397, 5,504,080, 5,612,359, 5,525,723, European Patent Application 0599,444, 0481,522, 0599,444, 0595,610, European Patent Application 0534363A2, 534,396 and 534,492, and European Patent Application 0629627A2.

Preferred are those NEP/ACE inhibitors and dosages thereof which are designated as preferred in the above patents/applications which U.S. patents are incorporated herein by reference; most preferred are omapatrilat, BMS 189,921 ([S-(R*,R*)]-hexahydro-6-[(2-mercapto-1-oxo-3-phenylpropyl)amino]-2,2-dimethyl-7-oxo-1H-azepine-1-acetic acid (gemopatrilat)) and CGS 30440.

The angiotensin II receptor antagonist (also referred to herein as angiotensin II antagonist or AII antagonist) suitable for use herein includes, but is not limited to, irbesartan, losartan, valsartan, candesartan, telmisartan, tasosartan or eprosartan, with irbesartan, losartan or valsartan being preferred.

A preferred oral dosage form, such as tablets or capsules, will contain the ACE inhibitor or AII antagonist in an amount within the range from abut 0.1 to about 500 mg, preferably from about 5 to about 200 mg and more preferably from about 10 to about 150 mg.

For parenteral administration, the ACE inhibitor, angiotensin II antagonist or NEP/ACE inhibitor will be employed in an amount within the range from about 0.005 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg and preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg.

Where a drug is to be administered intravenously, it will be formulated in conventional vehicles, such as distilled water, saline, Ringer's solution or other conventional carriers.

It will be appreciated that preferred dosages of ACE inhibitor and AII antagonist as well as other antihypertensives disclosed herein will be as set out in the latest edition of the Physician's Desk Reference (PDR).

Other examples of preferred antihypertensive agents suitable for use herein include omapatrilat (Vanlev®) ainlodipine besylate (Norvasc®, prazosin HCl (Minipress®), verapamil, nifedipine, nadolol, diltiazem, felodipine, nisoldipine, isradipine, nicardipine, atenolol, carvedilol, sotalol, terazosin, doxazosin, propranolol, and clonidine HCl (Catapres®).

Diuretics which may be employed in combination with compounds of formula I include hydrochlorothiazide, torasemide, furosemide, spironolactono, and indapamide.

Antiplatelet agents which may be employed in combination with compounds of formula I of the invention include aspirin, clopidogrel, ticlopidine, dipyridamole, abciximab, tirofiban, eptifibatide, anagrelide, and ifetroban, with clopidogrel and aspirin being preferred.

The antiplatelet drugs may be employed in amounts as indicated in the PDR. Ifetroban may be employed in amounts as set out in U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,889.

Antiosteoporosis agents suitable for use herein in combination with the compounds of formula I of the invention include parathyroid hormone or bisphosphonates, such as MK-217 (alendronate) (Fosamax®).

Dosages employed for the above drugs will be as set out in the Physician's Desk Reference.

Pharmaceutical Formulations

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle that may be administered to a subject, together with a compound of the present invention, and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following: ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (“SEDDS”) such as d(-tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate), surfactants used in pharmaceutical dosage forms such as Tweens or other similar polymeric delivery matrices, serum proteins such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat. Cyclodextrins such as α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin, or chemically modified derivatives such as hydroxyalkylcyclodextrins, including 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins, or other solubilized derivatives may also be used to enhance delivery of the modulators of the present invention.

The compositions of the present invention may contain other therapeutic agents as described below, and may be formulated, for example, by employing conventional solid or liquid vehicles or diluents, as well as pharmaceutical additives of a type appropriate to the mode of desired administration (for example, excipients, binders, preservatives, stabilizers, flavors, etc.) according to techniques such as those well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation.

The compounds of the invention may be administered by any suitable means, for example, orally, such as in the form of tablets, capsules, granules or powders; sublingually; buccally; parenterally, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection or infusion techniques (e.g., as sterile injectable aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions); nasally such as by inhalation spray; topically, such as in the form of a cream or ointment; or rectally such as in the form of suppositories; in dosage unit formulations containing non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles or diluents. The compounds of the invention may, for example, be administered in a form suitable for immediate release or extended release. Immediate release or extended release may be achieved by the use of suitable pharmaceutical compositions including the compounds of the invention, or, particularly in the case of extended release, by the use of devices such as subcutaneous implants or osmotic pumps. The compounds of the invention may also be administered liposomally.

Exemplary compositions for oral administration include suspensions which may contain, for example, microcrystalline cellulose for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, and sweeteners or flavoring agents such as those known in the art; and immediate release tablets which may contain, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and/or lactose and/or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants such as those known in the art. The present compounds may also be delivered through the oral cavity by sublingual and/or buccal administration. Molded tablets, compressed tablets or freeze-dried tablets are exemplary forms which may be used. Exemplary compositions include those formulating the compound(s) of the invention with fast dissolving diluents such as mannitol, lactose, sucrose and/or cyclodextrins. Also included in such formulations may be high molecular weight excipients such as celluloses (Avicel) or polyethylene glycols (PEG). Such formulations may also include an excipient to aid mucosal adhesion such as hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC), maleic anhydride copolymer (e.g., Gantrez), and agents to control release such as polyacrylic copolymer (e.g., Carbopol 934). Lubricants, glidants, flavors, coloring agents and stabilizers may also be added for ease of fabrication and use.

Exemplary compositions for nasal aerosol or inhalation administration include solutions in saline which may contain, for example, benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents such as those known in the art.

Exemplary compositions for parenteral administration include injectable solutions or suspensions which may contain, for example, suitable non-toxic, parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, or other suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid. The term “parenteral” as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrastemal, intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.

Exemplary compositions for rectal administration include suppositories which may contain, for example, a suitable non-irritating excipient, such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquify and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.

Exemplary compositions for topical administration include a topical carrier such as Plastibase (mineral oil gelled with polyethylene).

The effective amount of a compound of the present invention may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, and includes exemplary dosage amounts for an adult human of from about 0.1 to 500 mg/kg of body weight of active compound per day, or between 5 and 2000 mg per day which may be administered in a single dose or in the form of individual divided doses, such as from 1 to 5 times per day. It will be understood that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular subject may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the species, age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the subject, the mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and severity of the particular condition. Preferred subjects for treatment include animals, most preferably mammalian species such as humans, and domestic animals such as dogs, cats and the like.

A typical capsule for oral administration contains compounds of structure I (250 mg), lactose (75 mg) and magnesium stearate (15 mg). The mixture is passed through a 60 mesh sieve and packed into a No. 1 gelatin capsule.

A typical injectable preparation is produced by aseptically placing 250 mg of compounds of structure I into a vial, aseptically freeze-drying and sealing. For use, the contents of the vial are mixed with 2 mL of physiological saline, to produce an injectable preparation.

The compounds of formula (I) of the invention are glucocorticoid receptor modulators as shown either by their ability to bind glucocorticoid receptors in GR binding assays,and/or by their ability to inhibit AP-1 (and/or NF-κB) activity, as indicated in cellular transrespressional assays, and cause none to minimal transactivation as indicated in cellular transscriptional assays.

Compounds of the invention, including the compounds described in the examples hereof, have been tested in at least one of the assay(s) described below and have glucocorticoid receptor (GR)/Dexamethasone (Dex) inhibition activity (>95% at 10 μM) and/or AP-1 inhibition activity (EC₅₀ less than 15 μM).

Identical and/or similar assays are described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/621,807, filed Jul. 18, 2002 which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

GR (Dex) Binding Assay

In order to measure the binding of compounds to Site I on the glucocorticoid receptor a commercially available kit was used (Glucocorticoid receptor competitor assay kit, Panvera Co., Madison, Wis.). Briefly, a cell lysate containing recombinantly expressed human full-length glucocorticoid receptor was mixed with a fluorescently labeled glucocorticoid (4 nM FITC-dexamethasone) plus or minus test molecule. After one hour at room temperature, the fluorescence polarization (FP) of the samples were measured. The FP of a mixture of receptor, fluorescent probe (i.e. FITC-dexamethasone) and 1 mM dexamethasone represented background fluorescence or 100% inhibition, whereas, the FP of the mixture without dexamethasone was taken to be 100% binding. The percentage inhibition of test molecules were then compared to the sample with 1 mM dexamethasone and expressed as % relative binding activity with dexamethasone being 100% and no inhibition is 0%. Test molecules were analyzed in the concentration range from 0.1 nM to 40 μM.

Site I binding assays for any NHR (Nuclear Hormone Receptor) are conducted similarly to the above. An appropriate cell lysate or purified NHR is used as the source of the NHR. The fluorescent probe and unlabeled competitor are appropriate for the specific NHR, i.e. are ligands for the specific NHR.

Cellular Transrepressional Assay

To measure the ability of test molecules to inhibit AP-1 induced transcriptional activity we utilized an A549 cell which was stably transfected with a plasmid containing 7× AP-1 DNA binding sites (pAP-1-Luc plasmid, Stratagene Co. La Jolla, Calif.) followed by the gene for luciferase. Cells were activated with 10 ng/ml of phorbol myristic acid (PMA) plus or minus test molecules for 7 hours. After 7 hours a luciferase reagent was added to measure luciferase enzymatic activity in the cell. After a 10 minute incubation of luciferase reagent with cells, luminescence was measured in a TopCount luminescence counter. Repression of AP-1 activity was calculated as the percentage decrease in the signal induced by PMA alone. Test molecules were analyzed in the concentration range from 0.1 nM to 40 μM. EC₅₀s were determined by using standard curve fitting methods such as Excel fit (Microsoft Co.). An EC₅₀ is the test molecule concentration at which there is a 50% repression of the maximal inhibition of transcription, i.e. a 50% reduction of AP-1 activity.

Other reporters and cell lines also may be used in a cellular transrepressional assay. A similar assay is performed in which NF-κB activity is measured. A plasmid containing NF-κB DNA binding sites is used, such as pNF-kB-Luc, (Stratagene, LaJolla Calif.), and PMA or another stimulus, such as TNF-α or lipopolysaccharide, is used to activate the NF-κB pathway. NF-κB assays similar to that described in Yamamoto K., et al., J Biol Chem. December 29;270(52):31315-20 (1995) may be used.

The cellular transrepressional assays described above may be used to measure transrepression by any NHR. One of skill in the art will understand that assays may require the addition of components, such as a stimulus (eg. PMA, lipopolysaccharide, TNF-α, etc) which will induce transcription mediated by AP-1 or NF-κB. Additionally, AR mediated transrepression may be measured by the assay described in Palvimo J J, et al. J Biol Chem. September 27;271(39):24151-6 (1996), and PR mediated transrepression may be measured by the assay described in Kalkhoven E., et al. J Biol Chem Mar 15;271(11):6217-24 (1996).

Preparations

The preparations set out below are for the synthesis of reagents that were not obtained from commercial sources and were employed for the preparation of compounds of formula I of the invention. All chemical structures in the tables and schemes are racemic unless specified otherwise.

Reverse-phase preparative high performance liquid chromatography (“HPLC”) was performed with Shimadzu 8A liquid chromatographs using YMC S5 ODS columns (20×100, 20×250, or 30×250 millimeter (“mm”)). Gradient elution was performed with methanol (“MeOH”)/water mixtures in the presence of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (“TFA”).

Analytical HPLC Method Employed in Characterization of Examples

Analytical HPLC was performed on Shimadzu LC10AS liquid chromatographs using the following method:

Linear gradient of 0 to 100% solvent B over 4 minutes (“min”), with 1 minute (“min”) hold at 100% B.

Ultraviolet (“UV”) visualization at 220 nanometers (“nm”)

Column: YMC S5 ODS Ballistic 4.6×50 mm

Flow rate: 4 milliliters (“mL”)/min

Solvent A: 0.2% phosphoric acid, 90% water, 10% methanol

Solvent B: 0.2% phosphoric acid, 90% methanol, 10% water

Preparation 1 4-(4-Fluoro-naphthalen-1-yl)-thiazol-2-ylamine

Step 1

To a solution of 4′-fluoro-1′-acetonaphthone (28.69 millimoles (“mmol”), 5.4 grams (“g”)) in 1,4-dioxane (18.0 mL) at 0° C. was added bromine (35.13 mmol, 5.61 g). After 3 hours (“h” or “hr”) at room temperature (“rt”) the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give 7.66 g (Yield (“Y”): 100%) of the product of step 1.

Step 2

To a solution of the product of step 1 (28.69 mmol, 7.66 g) in ethyl alcohol (“EtOH”) (20 mL) at room temperature was added thiourea (36.13 mmol, 2.75 g). After 1 hour at room temperature a precipitate formed. To the reaction mixture was added water (100 mL) and the solid was collected by vacuum filtration. The solid was then washed with water (3×100 mL) and dichloromethane (3×100 mL), then dried in vacuo to give 5.5 g (Y: 75%) of the title compound. Mass Spectrometry (“MS”) (E+) m/z: 245 (MH⁺).

Preparation 2 4-(4-Fluoro-naphthalen-1-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-ylamine

Step 1

To a solution of the product of Preparation 1, step 1 (18.73 mmol, 5.0 g) in dimethyl formamide (“DMF”) (15 mL) at room temperature was added 1-acetylguanidine (57.43 mmol, 5.80 g). After 5 hours at room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The organic phases were concentrated in vacuo and the residue chromatographed on silica gel (eluted with 5% methanol in dichloromethane) to give 2.0 g (Y: 39%) of the product of step 1. MS (E+) m/z: 270 (MH⁺).

Step 2

To a solution of the product of Step 1 (7.43 mmol, 2.0 g) in methanol (17 mL) was added water (8.5 mL) and 12 N hydrochloric acid (“HCl”) (12.0 mL). After 1 hour at reflux the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to approximately 15 mL. The resulting solution was then purified and neutralized by cation exchange solid phase extraction (“SPE”) to give 1.66 g (Y: 99%) of the title compound 2a. MS (E+) m/z: 228 (MH⁺).

Preparation 3 4-(Naphthalen-1-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-ylamine

The title compound was prepared in the manner described for the title compound of Preparation 2.

Preparation 4

To a solution of 1-bromo-3-phenyl-2-propanone (2.2 g, 10 mmol) (prepared in the manner described in Choi et al., Org. Lett. 2003, vol. 5, no. 4, 411-414), in EtOH (100 mL) was added thiourea (1.0 g, 13 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at reflux overnight. After 20 h, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate (“EtOAc”). The aqueous layer was washed with EtOAC (3×). The combined organic extracts were dried over magnesium sulfate (“MgSO₄”), filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporator. The resulting solid was purified by silica gel chromatography using 10% MeOH/EtOAc as the eluent to give 2.1 g of pale yellow solid (95% yield). MS found: (M+H)⁺=191. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (“1H-NMR”) in chloroform (“CDCl3”) δ 7.2-7.35 m (5H), 6.01 (s, 1H), 4.8-5.3 (bs, 2H), 3.86 (s, 2H). NMR spectral data: s=singlet; d=doublet; m=multiplet; br=broad; t=triplet.

Preparation 5

(a) Applying the method of Mazzocchi et al (Synth. Commun. 1986, 309-312) a cuprate was prepared from 4-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide (20 mmol, 40 mL of 0.5 M THF solution) and CuBr (574 mg, 2.0 mmol) in 50 mL anhydrous ether. The cuprate was treated with epichlorohydrin (1.94 g, 21 mmol) and stirred at −40 C for 20 hr. The reaction was quenched with water, extracted 2× Et₂O, and the ethereal extracts were dried over MgSO₄. The solution was filtered, concentrated by rotary evaporator, and chromatographed on SiO₂ using 25% EtOAc in hexanes to give 888 mg (22%) of the chlorohydrin 5a as a yellow oil. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.18 (d, 2H), 6.88 (d, 2H), 4.0 (m, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.65 (dd, 1H), 3.52 (dd, 1H), 2.83 (d, 2H).

(b) The intermediate alcohol 5a (888 mg, 4.44 mmol) was taken up in dichloromethane (40 mL) and treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (1.88 g, 4.44 mmol). The reaction was allowed to warm to rt and was complete by TLC monitoring after 4 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation and the crude residue was purified on SiO₂ (dichloromethane as eluent) to give 762 mg (86% Y) of chloromethylketone 5b.

(c) This intermediate was taken up in 15 mL of EtOH and treated with a solution of thiourea (302 mg, 3.82 mmol) in 5 mL EtOH. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo and a solid formed on standing to give pure 5c, 208 mg (80%) as a yellow solid. MS found: (M+H)⁺=221.

Preparation 6

(a) To a solution of commercially available 4-bromophenylacetone (25 g, 117 mmol) in 30 mL of acetic acid and 15 mL of 48% HBr was added a solution of bromine (40 g, 217 mmol) in 50 mL of acetic acid. After 4 hr, acetone (150 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 d. The reaction was concentrated by rotary evaporator, diluted with brine, and extracted 2× DCM. The DCM extracts were dried over MgSO₄. The solution was filtered, concentrated by rotary evaporator, and chromatographed on SiO₂ using DCM to give 20.8 g (98%) of a dark oil 6a. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.49 (d, 2H), 7.12 (d, 2H), 3.94 (s, 2H), 3.92 (s, 2H).

(b) To a solution of 6a (116 mmol) in 200 mL of EtOH was added thiourea (9.0 g, 118 mmol) all at once. The reaction was heated at reflux for 4 hr. The reaction was concentrated by rotary evaporator and the crude residue was dissolved in EtOAc and extracted 3×1N HCl. The aqueous extracts were basified with 1N NaOH and then extracted 2× EtOAC. EtOAc extracts were dried over MgSO₄, and solid was triturated in 10% hexanes in EtOAc. Solid was collected and dried in vacuo to give 18 g (57%) of pure 6b. MS found: (M+H)⁺=270.

(c) Charged a flask with 6b (8.07 g, 30 mmol), 4-pyridineboronic acid (6.1 g, 50 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (3.5 g, 3.0 mmol), 30 mL of 2M K₂CO₃, and 200 mL of DMF. The reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling nitrogen through for 15 min then heated at 100 C overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted in EtOAc and extracted 3×1N HCl. The aqueous extracts were basified with 1N NaOH and then allowed to stand in refrigerator for 2 hr. Solid was collected and dried in vacuo to give 5.4 g (68%) of pure 6c. MS found: (M+H)⁺=268.

Preparation 7

Following the procedure of Little and Webber (J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 7299-7305), a solution of N-acetylguanidine (470 mg, 4.6 mmol) was dissolved in 8 mL DMF and treated with compound 5b (460 mg, 2.3 mmol) in 2 mL DMF dropwise over 10 min. The reaction was stirred at rt overnight, concentrated in vacuo, treated with 10 mL 12 M HCl and heated to reflux for 2 hr. The reaction was cooled, filtered, and the supernatant was purified by HPLC to give 45 mg (11%) of the 2-aminoimidazole 7.

Preparation 8

(a) A solution of 6a (50 mmol) in 50 mL of DMF was added dropwise to a solution of commercially available acetylguanidine (10.0 g, 47 mmol) in 100 mL of DMF at 0 C. The reaction was allowed to slowly warm to rt and stirred for 24 hr. The reaction was diluted with brine and extracted 2× EtOAc. The EtOAc extracts were dried over MgSO₄. The solution was filtered, concentrated by rotary evaporator, and the residue was triturated with EtOAc/hexanes. The resulting solid was collected to give 2.5 g (17%) of pure 8a MS found: (M)⁺=294.

(b) 8a (500 mg, 1.7 mmol) was heated at 80 C in a solution of 1 mL of conc HCl and 2 mL of MeOH for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporator to give a quantitative yield of 8b as the HCl salt. MS found: (M)⁺=252.

Preparation 9

Step 1

A solution of 1-bromo-3-phenyl-2-propanone (9.6 g, 48 mmol) (prepared in the manner described in Choi et al., Org. Lett. 2003, vol. 5, no. 4, 411-414) in DMF (50 mL) was added to a solution of acetylguanidine (10 g, 100 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) dropwise at 0° C. The reaction was warmed to rt after addition and stirred overnight. After 20 h, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was triturated in EtOAc/hexanes (2:1). The resulting solid was collected by filtration, washed with EtOAc, and dried in vacuo to give 1.25 g of an off-white solid (13% yield). MS found: (M+H)⁺=216. 1H-NMR in dimethyl sulfoxide (“DMSO”) δ 11.1 bs (1H), 10.9 bs (1H), 7.0-7.18 m (5H), 6.32 (s, 1H), 3.61 (s, 2H), 1.90 (s, 3H).

Step 2

The product of Step 1 (1.25 g, 5.8 mmol) was heated at reflux in 30 mL of concentrated (“conc”) HCl/MeOH (1:2) for 4 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporator and the resulting solid dried in vacuo to give 1.2 g of a pale yellow solid as the hydrochloride salt (100% yield). MS found: (M+H)⁺=174.

Preparation 10

Step 1

To a solution of 3-(2-bromoacetyl)benzonitrile (15.0 g, 66.6 mmol) (prepared in the manner described in Tanaka et al., J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 2390-2410), in EtOH (220 mL) was added triethylamine (“TEA”) (9.3 mL, 66.6 mmol) and thiourea (6.6 g, 86.6 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at rt overnight. After 20 h, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo and the residue partitioned between water and EtOAc. The aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic extracts were washed with saturated (“sat.”) sodium bicarbonate (“NaHCO₃”), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporator. The resulting solid was recrystallized from EtOAc and hexane to give 7.78 g of pale yellow solid in a first batch and 1.87 g of a second batch (72% yield combined). MS found: (M+H)⁺=202. 1H-NMR (DMSO) δ 8.21 s (1H), 8.14 (dd, 1H), 7.72 (dd, 1H), 7.60 (app t, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.19 (s, 2H).

Step 2

The product of Step 1 (6.73 g, 33.5 mmol) was suspended in 110 mL of conc HCl and refluxed while stirring for 4 hr. The homogeneous solution was cooled in an ice bath to form crystals which were filtered, washed with water and dried in vacuo to give 6.89 g of the desired product (94% yield). MS found: (M+H)⁺=221.

Step 3

To a solution of the product of Step 2 (6.89 g, 31.3 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) was added triethylamine (8.8 mL, 63 mmol), 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (“HOAt”) (4.26 g, 31.3 mmol), and 3-ethyl-3′-(dimethylamino)propyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride (or 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride) (“EDC”) (6.0 g, 31.3 mmol). After stirring 25 min, a solution of 3-chloro-4-anisidine (5.92 g, 37.6 mmol) in 50 mL DMF and 8.8 mL triethylamine was added all at once at rt. After stirring for 24 h, the reaction was concentrated by rotary evaporator, extracted from a saturated sodium chloride solution (“brine”) with EtOAc. The combined organics were dried over MgSO₄ to yield crude product. The crude product was concentrated in vacuo, dissolved in a minimum amount of EtOAc and triturated with hexane. The resulting solid was filtered and trituration was repeated twice to give a total of 5.7 g (51% yield) of pure product. MS found: (M+H)⁺=360. 1H-NMR (DMSO) δ 10.3 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.00 (d, 1H), 7.95 (d, 1H), 7.80 (d, 1H), 7.69 (d, 1H), 7.52 (t, 1H), 7.16 (m, 4H), 3.85 (s, 3H).

Preparation 11

A mixture of 3-hydroxyisoquinoline (500 mg, 3.44 mmol) and ethyl methacrylate (1.29 mL, 10.3 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) in a sealed reaction vessel was heated at 170° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the product purified by preparative HPLC. A fraction containing isomers A and B in a 3:1 ratio (A:B), was obtained as an oil (284 mg, 32% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 260 (MH⁺); Liquid Chromatograph (“LC”) retention time (“Rt”): 2.41 min (broad).

A second fraction containing isomers C and D in a 5:1 ratio (C:D) was also obtained as a solid (502 mg, 56%). MS (E+) m/z: 260 (MH⁺); LC retention time: 2.70 min (broad).

Preparation 12

Step 1

A mixture of (S)-methyl lactate (20 g, 192 mmol) and benzylamine (21 mL, 192 mmol) was heated at 130° C. for 1.5 h. The generated methanol was removed under reduced pressure and the residue azeotroped to dryness from toluene to give the amide as an oil (34 g, 99% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 180 (MH⁺); LC retention time: 1.53 min (broad).

Step 2

To a solution of the product of Step 1 (20.9 g, 117 mmol) in dichloromethane (600 mL) at room temperature was added Dess-Martin periodinane (49.5 g, 117 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred 30 min at room temperature, then poured into stirred aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate (500 mL). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified by filtration over a plug of silica (30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to provide the product as an oil (15.1 g, 73% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 178 (MH⁺); LC retention time: 1.52 min. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.37-7.23 (m, 5H), 4.47 (d, 2H), 2.52 (s, 3H).

Step 3

Concentrated sulfuric acid (58 mL) was added dropwise to the product of Step 2 (8.11 g, 45.8 mmol) at 0° C. The ice bath was then removed, and the mixture stirred at room temperature 3 h. The reaction mixture was then slowly poured over ice. The resulting slurry in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask was cooled in an ice bath and rendered basic (pH 10) with the dropwise addition of aqueous ammonium hydroxide (28%). The bright yellow precipitate was filtered via Buchner funnel and washed with water, then dried on the pump to give the title compound (5.58 g, 77% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 160 (MH⁺); LC retention time: 1.81 min.

Step 4

A mixture of the product of Step 3 (1.74 g, 10.94 mmol) and ethyl methacrylate (9.5 mL, 77 mmol) was heated in a sealed reaction vessel at 160° C. for 1.5 h. After cooling, the viscous reaction mixture was treated with methanol (100 mL), giving a white gelatinous precipitate. The supernatant was filtered off and concentrated to give the crude product as a foam. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica, 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes, then 55% ethyl acetate in hexanes, then 60% ethyl acetate in hexanes) provided Isomer A as the first eluting compound, as a foam (528 milligrams (“mg”), 18% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 274 (MH⁺); LC retention time: 3.02 min. Isomer B eluted as the second compound, as a foam (137 mg, 5% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 274 (MH⁺); LC retention time: 2.58 min

Preparation 13

A mixture of isomer C of Preparation 11 (665 mg, 2.57 mmol) and Lawesson's reagent (1.14 g, 2.82 mmol) was heated in toluene (25 mL) at 95° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the crystalline precipitate removed by filtration over celite. The filtrate was concentrated, and the crude residue adsorbed on silica. Purification of the crude material by flash column chromatography (silica, 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) provided the title compound as a solid (702 mg, 99%). MS (E+) m/z: 276 (MH⁺); LC retention time: 2.88 min.

Preparation 14

The title compound was prepared from the product of Preparation 12 in the manner described above for the preparation of the title compound of Preparation 13. MS (E+) m/z: 290 (MH⁺); LC retention time: 3.30 min.

Preparation 15

Step 1

A mixture of the product of Preparation 13 (720 mg, 2.78 mmol) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (700 mg, 16.7 mmol) in tetrahydrofuan (“THF”) (12 mL), water (4 mL) and methanol (4 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 5 h. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between dichloromethane and 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide. The aqueous layer was acidified with the dropwise addition of concentrated HCl, then washed with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give the title compound as a solid (608 mg, 89% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 248 (MH⁺); LC retention time: 2.51 min

Step 2

A mixture of the product of Step 1 (525 mg, 2.13 mmol), triethylamine (0.74 mL, 5.33 mmol), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (“HOBt”) monohydrate (345 mg, 2.56 mmol), EDC (491 mg, 2.56 mmol) and the amine of Preparation 1 (571 mg, 2.34 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was heated at 70° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 1 N aqueous HCl. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine, then dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes, then 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the title compound as an off-white solid (191 mg, 20%). MS (E+) m/z: 474 (M+H); LC retention time: 3.91 min.

Step 3

To a solution of the product of Step 2 (78 mg, 0.042 mmol) in THF (1.7 mL) was added potassium carbonate (27 mg, 0.20 mmol) followed by methyl iodide (0.031 mL, 0.50 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 48 h, then partitioned between ethyl acetate and 1 N HCl. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine, then dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give the title compound as a sticky solid (78 mg, 98% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 488 (M+H); LC retention time: 3.75 min.

Step 4

A mixture of the product of Step 3 (38 mg, 0.078 mmol) and ethyl carbazate (8.1 mg, 0.078 mmol) in ethanol (1.0 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 1.5 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give a residue which was used without further purification (33 mg, 79% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 544(M+H); LC retention time: 3.21 min.

Preparation 16

Step 1

A mixture of the product of Preparation 13 (97 mg, 0.35 mmol), solid sodium bicarbonate (88 mg, 1.05 mmol) and iodomethane (0.088 mL, 1.41 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was heated at 60° C. with rapid stirring for 3 h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (20 mL) and water (10 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give a solid (96 mg, 95% yield) which was used without further purification. MS (E+) m/z: 290 (M+H); LC retention time: 2.23 min.

Step 2

A mixture of the product of Step 1 (38 mg, 0.13 mmol), sodium acetate (11 mg, 0.14 mmol), and propargylamine hydrochloride (13 mg, 0.14 mmol) in ethanol (1 mL) in a sealed reaction vessel was heated with stirring at 110° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a 0.45 μm syringe-tip filter (PTFE) and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to give the product as an oil (12 mg, 31%). MS (E+) m/z: 297 (M+H); LC retention time: 1.86 min.

Step 3

To a solution of the product of Step 2 (12 mg, 0.041 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL) was added aqueous lithium hydroxide (1 N, 0.2 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 4 h, then acidified with the addition of 2 drops concentrated aqueous HCl and diluted with methanol. The mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to give the product as a solid (5 mg, 47% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 269 (M+H); LC retention time: 1.60 min.

Preparation 17

The title compound was prepared from the product of Preparation 14 following the same procedure described above for Step 1 of Preparation 16. MS (E+) m/z: 304 (M+H); LC retention time: 2.55 min.

Preparation 18

Step 1

A mixture of the product of Step 1 of Preparation 16 (50 mg, 0.063 mmol) and formic hydrazide (50 mg, 0.83 mmol) in ethanol (2.5 mL) in a sealed reaction vessel was heated at 90° C. for 3 h. The solvent was then removed in vacuo and the residue azeotroped to dryness once from toluene. The residue was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (1 mL), and the resulting solution heated at 150° C. in a sealed reaction vessel for 2 h. The mixture was diluted in ethyl acetate (20 mL) and washed with water (2×15 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, concentrated, and purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC to give the title compound (16 mg, 94% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 284 (M+H); LC retention time: 2.22 min.

Step 2

The title compound was prepared in the manner described above for the preparation of the product of Step 3 of Preparation 16. MS (E+) m/z: 256 (M+H); LC retention time: 1.79 min.

Preparation 19

Step 1

A solution of the product of Step 1 of Preparation 16 (27 mg, 0.09 mmol) in a 2M solution of ammonia in methanol (0.5 mL) in a sealed reaction vessel was heated at 100° C. for 6 h. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the crude material taken directly into the next step without further purification. MS (E+) m/z: 259 (M+H); LC retention time: 1.90 min.

Step 2

The crude material of Step 1 was taken up in anhydrous methanol (1 mL) and treated with chloroacetone (0.008 mL, 0.11 mmol) and solid potassium carbonate (13 mg, 0.095 mmol). The mixture was heated at 80° C. for 2 h, then filtered through a 0.45 μm syringe-tip filter (PTFE) and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to give the title compound (15 mg, 53% yield for two steps). MS (E+) m/z: 297 (M+H); LC retention time: 1.81 min.

Step 3

The title compound was prepared in the manner described above for the preparation of the product of Step 3 of Preparation 16. MS (E+) m/z: 269 (M+H); LC retention time: 1.56 min.

Preparation 20

Step 1

A mixture of the product of Step 1 of Preparation 16 (56 mg, 0.19 mmol) and acetic hydrazide (16 mg, 0.21 mmol) in ethanol (2 mL) was heated in sealed reaction vessel at 110° C. for 2.5 h. The solvent was removed under a nitrogen stream and replaced with anhydrous DMF (1 mL). The resulting solution was heated at 150° C. for 2 h, then partitioned between ethyl acetate (15 mL) and water (15 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×10 mL). The combined organics were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give the title compound (44 mg, 78% yield) which was used directly in the next step without further purification. MS (E+) m/z: 298 (M+H); LC retention time: 2.07 min.

Step 2

The title compound was prepared in the manner described above for the preparation of the product of Step 3 of Preparation 16. MS (E+) m/z: 270 (M+H); LC retention time: 1.58 min.

Preparation 21

Step 1

A mixture of the product of Step 1 of Preparation 16 (30 mg, 0.10 mmol) and aminoacetaldehyde dimethylacetal (0.024 mL, 0.23 mmol) in absolute ethanol (1 mL) in a sealed reaction vessel was heated at 90° C. for 10 h. Concentrated HCl (0.5 mL) was added to the reaction mixture, which was then heated at 80° C. for 2.5 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue partitioned between saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and dichloromethane. The aqueous layer was washed again with dichloromethane and the combined organics were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give the title compound (25 mg, 89% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 283 (M+H); LC retention time: 1.69 min.

Step 2

The title compound was prepared in the manner described above for the preparation of the product of Step 3 of Preparation 16. MS (E+) m/z: 255 (M+H); LC retention time: 1.37 min.

Preparation 22

Step 1

A mixture of the product of Preparation 17 (200 mg, 0.66 mmol) and formic hydrazide (119 mg, 1.98 mmol) in ethanol (3 mL) was heated in a sealed reaction vessel at 90° C. for 6 h. The solvent was then removed in vacuo and exchanged with dimethylamine (“DMA”) (3 mL). The mixture was heated in a sealed vessel at 150° C. for 3 h, then cooled and purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC to give the product as an oil (97 mg, 50%). MS (E+) m/z: 298 (M+H); LC retention time: 2.48 min.

Step 2

A solution of the product of Step 1 (85 mg, 0.29 mmol) in MeOH (1.9 mL) and 4N potassium hydroxide (“KOH”) (0.73 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 2.75 h. The reaction mixture was acidified with the addition of concentrated HCl, and the resulting precipitate re-dissolved with the addition of several drops of water. Purification by reverse phase HPLC gave the title compound as a crystalline solid (65 mg, 83% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 270 (M+H); LC retention time: 1.63 min.

Preparation 23

Step 1

To a solution of the product of Preparation 17 (100 mg, 0.35 mmol) in THF (3.5 mL) at 55° C. was added mercuric chloride (122 mg, 0.45 mmol). The mixture was heated at 55° C. for 1 h, then cooled and filtered through a 0.45 μm nylon filter to remove the mercury salts. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue which was used directly in the next step with no further purification. MS (E+) m/z: 361 (M+H); LC retention time: 2.14 min.

Step 2

The residue from Step 1 was taken up in ethanol (3.5 mL) and concentrated HCl (1.75 mL) and the resulting solution heated at 80° C. for 2 h. Most of the ethanol was then removed in vacuo and the residue added portionwise to saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was washed with ethyl acetate, and the organic layer washed with brine, then dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated to give the product as an oil (102 mg, 99% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 297 (M+H); LC retention time: 1.86 min.

Step 3

The title compound was prepared in the manner described above for Step 2 of Preparation 22. MS (E+) m/z: 269 (M+H); LC retention time: 1.63 min.

Preparation 24

The racemic title compound of Preparation 23 (206 mg) was resolved into pure enantiomers by chiral preparative HPLC (Chiralcel OJ, 20 mm×500 mm, 85% hexanes, 7.5% ethanol, 7.5% methanol, 0.1% TFA, isocratic, 14 mL/min, observed at 250 nm, 3 injections, 50-75 mg each).

Enantiomer A: First eluting isomer, 102 mg obtained. Analytical chiral LC (Chiralcel OJ, 4.6×250 mm, 85% hexanes, 7.5% ethanol, 7.5% methanol, 0.1% TFA, isocratic, 1 mL/min, observed at 220 nm) retention time: 5.72 min. >99% enantiomeric excess.

Enantiomer B: Second eluting isomer, 104 mg obtained. Analytical Chiral LC (Chiralcel OJ, 4.6×250 mm, 85% hexanes, 7.5% ethanol, 7.5% methanol, 0.1% TFA, isocratic, 1 mL/min, observed at 220 nm) retention time: 7.93 min.>99% enantiomeric excess.

Preparation 25

The racemic title compound of Preparation 22 (210 mg) was resolved into pure enantiomers by chiral preparative HPLC [Chiralpak AS, 20 mm×500 mm, (5% water, 95% ethanol, 0.05% TFA), observed at 220 nm].

Enantiomer A: First eluting isomer, 107 mg obtained. LC retention time: 2.10 min.

Enantiomer B: Second eluting isomer, 89 mg obtained. LC retention time: 2.40 min.

The following Examples illustrate embodiments of the inventive compounds and starting materials, and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims.

EXAMPLE 1

The product of Preparation 15 (5 mg, 0.009 mmol) in DMF (0.7 mL) was heated at 150° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (5 mL) and water (5 mL). The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated. Preparative thin layer chromatography (“TLC”) of the residue (100 centimeter (“cm”)×200 cm), 0.5 mm silica, 1:1 ethyl acetate:hexanes) provided the title compound, which was lyophilized from a water/acetonitrile mixture to give a fluffy white solid (3.14 mg, 70% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 498 (M+H); LC retention time: 3.65 min.

EXAMPLE 2

To a solution of the product of Preparation 16 (5 mg, 0.019 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.25 mL) was added triethylamine (0.008 mL, 0.057 mmol), HOBt monohydrate (3.0 mg, 0.023 mmol), and EDC (4.4 mg, 0.023 mmol). The solution was allowed to stir at room temperature for 10 min before the addition of the amine product of Preparation 1 (5 mg, 0.021 mmol). The resulting solution was heated at 80° C. for 1 h, and the mixture separated by reverse phase preparative HPLC to give the product as an amorphous solid (5.4 mg, 60% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 495 (M+H); LC retention time: 3.22 min.

The following examples 3-17 were prepared from the carboxylic acids of Preparations 14-19, 24 (Enantiomers A and B) and the amines of Preparations 1, 4, 5, 6, and commercially available ethyl 2-aminothiazole-4-carboxylate in the manner described above for the preparation of the title compound of Example 2.

Analytical HPLC Rt Ex. # Structure (min) M/z (MH)⁺  3

3.61 482  4

3.76 496  5

3.22 495  6

3.59 496  7

3.12 481  8

3.17 495  9

2.77 441 10

3.29 442 11

3.23 472 12

2.38 519 13

2.08 518 14

2.00 518 15

2.00 518 16

2.34 423 17

2.35 423

EXAMPLE 18

The title compound was prepared in the manner described above for the preparation of the title compound of example 4 using the carboxylic acid of Preparation 22 and amine obtained from the second step of Preparation 6. MS (E+) m/z: 522 (M+H); LC retention time: 3.53 min.

EXAMPLE 19

Through a mixture of the title compound of example 18 (20 mg, 0.038 mmol), 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole (16 mg, 0.077 mmol), and tetrakis triphenyl phosphine palladium (4.6 mg, 0.077 mmol) in toluene and ethanol (1:1, 1 mL) and 2 M aqueous sodium carbonate (0.075 mL) was bubbled nitrogen gas for 15 min. The reaction mixture was then heated in a sealed reaction vessel for 5 h at 112° C. Concentration under reduced pressure gave a residue which was purified by preparative TLC (100 cm×100 cm, ethyl acetate as eluent). The isolated product was lyophilized from water and acetonitrile to give a flocculent white solid (5 mg). MS (E+) m/z: 508 (M+H); LC retention time: 3.01 min.

EXAMPLE 20

The title compound was prepared in the same manner as described for the preparation of the title compound of example 19. MS (E+) m/z: 522 (M+H); LC retention time: 3.15 min.

EXAMPLE 21

To a solution of the carboxylic acid product of Preparation 21 (11 mg, 0.03 mmol) and triethylamine (0.013 mL, 0.09 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.5 mL) was added HOAt (5 mg, 0.036 mmol) and EDC (7 mg, 0.036 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 min before addition of the amine product of Preparation 2 (8.6 mg, 0.033 mmol). The solution was heated at 80° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and partitioned between ethyl acetate (10 mL) and water (10 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated. Preparative TLC (200 cm×200 cm, 0.5 mm silica, 9:1 ethyl acetate:hexanes) provided the product. Several drops of TFA were added to a solution of the product in methanol, which was concentrated and lyophilized from water/acetonitrile to give the product TFA salt as a colorless, amorphous solid (7.1 mg, 41% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 464 (M+H); LC retention time: 2.18 min.

The following examples 22-25 were prepared from the carboxylic acids of Preparations 22 and 23 and amines of Preparations 2, 3, and 9 in the manner described above for the preparation of Example 21.

Analytical HPLC Rt Ex. # Structure (min) M/z (MH)⁺ 22

2.46 461 23

2.28 478 24

2.09 425 25

1.68 424

The following Examples 26-29 were prepared as single enantiomers from the homochiral carboxylic acid Enantiomer A of Preparation 24 and the amines of Preparations 1, 2, 6, and 10 in the manners described above for the preparation of the title compounds of Examples 2 and 21.

Analytical HPLC Rt Ex. # Structure (min) M/z (MH)⁺ 26

3.17 495 27

3.14 611 28

2.28 478 29

1.69 424

The following Examples 30-32 were prepared as single enantiomers from the homochiral carboxylic acid Enantiomer B of Preparation 24 and the amines of Preparations 1, 9, and 10 in the manners described above for the preparation of the title compounds of Examples 2 and 21.

Analytical HPLC Rt Ex. # Structure (min) M/z (MH)⁺ 30

3.17 495 31

3.14 611 32

1.69 424

The following Examples 33-36 were prepared as single enantiomers from the homochiral carboxylic acids Enantiomers A and B of Preparation 25 and the amines of Preparations. 5 and 6 in the manners described above for the preparation of the title compound of Example 4.

Analytical HPLC Rt Ex. # Structure (min) M/z (MH)⁺ 33

3.19 472 34

3.19 472 35

2.37 519 36

2.37 519

The following Examples 37-39 were prepared as single enantiomers from the homochiral carboxylic acids Enantiomers A and B of Preparation 25 and the amines of Preparations 7 and 8 in the manners described above for the preparation of the title compound of Example 21.

Analytical HPLC Rt Ex. # Structure (min) M/z (MH)⁺ 37

2.24 454 38

2.23 454 39

1.42 502

EXAMPLE 40

Step 1

To a solution of Isomer B of Preparation 12 (60 mg, 0.22 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) was added Meerwein's salt (trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate) (49 mg, 0.33 mmol). The reaction was stirred 1 d at room temperature, then poured into an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate (1 g) in water (1.5 mL). The organic phase (top layer) was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give the title compound of Step 1 as a white solid (41 mg, 65% yield). MS (E+) m/z: 464 (M+H); LC retention time: 2.18 min.

Step 2

A solution of the product of Step 1 (41 mg, 0.14 mmol) in 1M hydrazine in THF (1.4 mL) was heated 10 h at 70° C. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give a residue which was used directly in the next step with no further purification. MS (E+) m/z: 288 (M+H); LC retention time: 1.85 min.

Step 3

A solution of the product of Step 2 and p-toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (2.5 mg) in trimethyl orthoformate (1 mL) was heated at 70° C. for 100 min. Purification of the reaction mixture by preparative HPLC provided the title compound of Step 3 as a solid (9.2 mg, 22% yield for two steps). MS (E+) m/z: 298 (M+H); LC retention time: 2.47 min.

Step 4

To a solution of the product of Step 3 (9 mg, 0.030 mmol) in methanol (0.2 mL) was added 4 N aqueous potassium hydroxide (0.075 mL, 0.3 mmol). The solution was heated at 85° C. for 3 h 45 min, then acidified with concentrated HCl and concentrated to give a residue which was used directly in the next step with no further purification. MS (E+) m/z: 270 (M+H); LC retention time: 1.55 min.

Step 5

The title compound was prepared in the same manner described for the preparation of the tile compound of Example 12. MS (E+) m/z: 519 (M+H); LC retention time: 2.49 min. 

1. A compound of formula I:

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein J and K are the same or different and are independently selected from —C═ or —N—; R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, hydroxyaryl and NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloalkenyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and a heterocyclic ring; R^(a) is hydrogen, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cyano, heteroarylaminocarbonyl, cycloheteroalkylcarbonyl, cyanoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, nitro, amino, CHO, CO₂ alkyl, CONR^(e)R^(f), CH₂NR^(g)R^(h), CO₂H, CH₂OH, CH₂NRH, NR^(g)R^(h), NHCH₂R^(g), NHCHR^(g)R^(h), NHCOR^(e), NHCONR^(e)R^(f) or NHSO₂R^(e)R^(f); R^(b) is hydrogen, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cyano, halo, heteroarylaminocarbonyl, cycloheteroalkylcarbonyl, cyanoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, amino, CHO, CO₂ alkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, CONR^(i)R^(j), CH₂NR^(k)R^(l), CO₂H, CH₂OH, CH₂NHR^(k), NHCH₂R^(k), NR^(k)R^(l), NHCHR^(k)R^(l), NHCOR^(i), NHCONR^(i)R^(j) or NHSO₂R^(i), where R^(e) and R^(f) are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl; or R^(e) and R^(f) can be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heteroaryl or cycloheteroalkyl ring which contains 1, 2 or 3 hetero atoms which can be N, O or S; R^(g) and R^(h) are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, and cycloalkylalkyl; or R^(g) and R^(h) can be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heteroaryl ring or cycloheteroalkyl ring which contains 1, 2 or 3 hetero atoms which can be N, O or S; R^(i) and R^(j) are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, and cycloalkylalkyl; or R^(i) and R^(j) can be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5-, 6-or 7-membered heteroaryl ring or cycloheteroalkyl ring which contains 1, 2 or 3 hetero atoms which can be N, O or S; R^(k) and R^(l) are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, and cycloalkylalkyl; or R^(k) and R^(l) can be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heteroaryl ring or cycloheteroalkyl ring which contains 1, 2 or 3 hetero atoms which can be N, or S; R^(c) and R^(d) are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, hydroxy, aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, hydroxyaryl, and aryloxyalkyl; or R^(c) and R^(d) are taken together with the carbon to which they are attached to form a 3- to 7-membered ring which may optionally include an O atom or an N atom; Z is independently selected from the group consisting of CONR¹R², CH₂NR¹R², SONR¹R² and SO₂NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloalkenyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or a heterocyclic ring; one of A and B is an optionally substituted 5-membered heterocyclic ring and the other is selected from an optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; and wherein heteroaryl is unsubstituted or is substituted by one to four substituents selected from: halo, (including F, Br, Cl or I), CF₃, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl(aryl) or diaryl, arylalkyl, arylalkyloxy, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy, amino, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, HO—N═, cycloheteroalkyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkoxyoximyl, arylheteroaryl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkoxy, aryloxyalkyl, aryloxyaryl, alkylamido, alkanoylamino, hydroxyalkyl (alkyl)amino carbonyl, arylcarbonylamino, nitro, cyano, thiol, haloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkyl, haloalkoxy, trifluoromethoxy, alkynyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, arylalkenyl, aminocarbonylaryl, arylthio, arylsulfinyl, arylazo, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylheteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, hydroxy, amino, substituted amino wherein the amino includes 1 or 2 substituents (which are alkyl, aryl or any of the other aryl compounds mentioned in the definitions), alkylthio, arylthio, heteroarylthio, arylthioalkyl, alkoxyarylthio, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfinylalkyl, arylsulfonylamino or arylsulfonaminocarbonyl, carboxy, cycloalkyl, arylalkoxy, aryloxycarbonyl, cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, cycloalkylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxyalkylaminocarbonyl, heteroarylaminocarbonyl, heteroarylalkylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, N-hydroxyalkyl(N-alkyl)aminocarbonyl, cycloheteroalkylaminocarbonyl, cycloheteroalkylalkylaminocarbonyl, N-aryl(N-alkyl)aminocarbonyl, N-arylalkyl(N-cyanoalkyl)aminocarbonyl, dialkylaminoalkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkyl-, arylalkyl- or aryl-cycloheteroalkylaminocarbonyl, N-dialkylaminoalkyl(N-alkyl or N-arylalkyl)aminocarbonyl, N-heteroarylalkyl(N-alkyl)aminocarbonyl, N-arylalkyl(N-alkyl)aminocarbonyl, N-dialkylamino(N-arylalkyl)aminocarbonyl, N-hydroxyalkyl(N-arylalkyl)aminocarbonyl, aminoalkyloxycarbonyl, cycloheteroalkylcarbonyl, N═N═N, alkylsulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, and heteroarylaminosulfonyl; provided that when both J and K are C═; R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, or hydroxyaryl; Z is CONR¹R² or CH₂NR¹R₂ wherein R¹ and R² are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloalkenyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or hydroxyalkyl.
 2. The compound as defined in claim 1, including all stereoisomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein one of J and K is N and the other is —C═ or N; R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, hydroxyaryl or NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloalkenyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and a heterocyclic ring; Z is independently selected from the group consisting of CONR¹R², CH₂NR¹R² and SO₂NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloalkenyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or a heterocyclic ring; and one of A and B is an optionally substituted 5-membered heterocyclic ring and the other is an optionally substituted 6-membered carbocyclic ring.
 3. The compound as defined in claim 1, including all stereoisomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the A ring has the structure

and the B ring has the structure

wherein: X₁, X₂ and X₃ are the same or different and are independently selected from CH, CH₂, CHR¹⁵, CR¹⁶, CR¹⁶R¹⁷, N, NH, NR¹⁸, O or S, and X₅, X₆, X₇ and X₈ are the same or different and are independently selected from CH, CH₂, CHR¹⁹, CR²⁰, CR²⁰R²¹, N, NH, NR²², O or S; R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, or alkyl; R¹⁵, —R¹⁷, R¹⁹ R²⁰ and R²¹ are the same or different and are independently selected from halo, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, cyano, nitro, NR^(e)R^(f), CHO, CO₂alkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, OCONR^(e)R^(f), OCOR^(e), OCOOR^(e)R^(f), OCO-aryl, OCO-heteroaryl, CONR^(e)R^(f), CO₂H, OCSOR^(e)R^(f), CSNR^(e)R^(f) NR^(g)COR^(i), NR^(g)CONR^(e)R^(f), NR^(g)CSNR^(e)R^(f), NR^(g)SOR^(i), NR^(g)SO₂R^(i) SO₂NR^(e)R^(f), and NR^(g)SO₂NR^(e)R^(f); and; R¹⁸ and R²² are the same of different and are independently selected from aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, substituted amino, alkoxyalkyl, CO₂alkyl, C(O)alkyl alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, and cycloalkylalkyl.
 4. The compound as defined in claim 3 having the structure

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X₂ is N or CR¹⁶.
 5. The compound as defined in claim 4 having the structure

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein X₂ is N or CR¹⁶.
 6. The compound as defined in claim 5, including all stereoisomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R is hydrogen, alkyl or hydroxyalkyl; R^(a) is selected from hydrogen, halo, alkyl, CN, NO₂, NH₂, CHO, CO₂alkyl, CONR^(e)R^(f), NR^(g)R^(h) or CH₂NR^(g)R^(h); R^(b) is selected from hydrogen, halo, alkyl, CN, NO₂, NH₂, CHO, CO₂ alkyl, CONR^(i)R^(j), NR^(k)R^(l) or CH₂NR^(k)R^(l); R^(c) and R^(d) are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, or hydroxy; and R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, or alkyl.
 7. The compound as defined in claim 5 having the structure

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or hydroxyalkyl; R^(b) is selected from hydrogen, halo alkyl CN, NO₂, NH₂, CHO, CO₂ alkyl, CONR^(i)R^(j), NR^(k)R^(l) or CH₂NR^(k)R^(l); and one of R¹ and R² is heteroaryl.
 8. The compound as defined in claim 7, including all stereoisomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl; R^(b) is selected from hydrogen, halo, alkyl, CN, NO₂, NH₂, CHO, CO₂ alkyl, CONR^(i)R^(j), NR^(k)R^(l) or CH₂NR^(k)R^(l); one of R¹ and R² is

R^(m) at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl, alkoxy, —CO₂(alkyl), —C(O)N(alkyl)₂, alkyl, heteroarylalkyl, arylalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; R^(O) is hydrogen and alkyl; q is 1 or2; and R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, or alkyl.
 9. The compound as defined in any one of claim 8, including all stereoisomers thereof, cr a gclvatc thcrccf, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is alkyl; R^(b) is hydrogen or alkyl; one of R¹ and R² is

R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently hydroxy or alkyl.
 10. A compound having the structure

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R is alkyl; R^(b1) is hydrogen or alkyl; X₂ is N or CR¹⁶; R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently hydrogen, hydroxy or alkyl; and X is aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl; or

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R is alkyl; R^(b2) is hydrogen or alkyl; X₂ is N or CR¹⁶; R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently hydrogen, hydroxy or alkyl; and X_(a) is aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or halo; or

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R is alkyl; R^(b3) is hydrogen or alkyl; X₂ is N or CR¹⁶; R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently hydrogen, hydroxy or alkyl; and Xb is aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or halo; or

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R is alkyl; R^(b4) is hydrogen, CO₂ alkyl, nitro, cyano, formyl, cycloheteroalkylcarbonyl, alkylaminoalkyl or amino; X₂ is N or CR¹⁶; X_(c) is fluoro; R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently hydrogen, hydroxy or alkyl; and X is hydrogen, alkyl or halo; or

including all stereoisomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where W is S or NH; R^(b5) is hydrogen, CO₂ alkyl, nitro, cyano, formyl, cycloheteroalkylcarbonyl, alkylaminoalkyl or amino; X₂ is N or CR¹⁶; R¹⁶ is the same or different and is independently hydrogen, hydroxy or alkyl; T is a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring, each ring substituted by 0-4 R⁵ and 0-1 R⁶; R³ and R⁴ are independently at each occurrence hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, nitro, or CHO; or R³ and R⁴ combine to form ═O or a ═C, wherein the C of ═C is substituted by hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, substituted amino, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl; and R⁵ and R⁶ are, independently at each occurrence, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, cyano, heteroarylaminocarboyl, cycloheteroalkylcarbonyl, cyanoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, nitro, oxo, CHO, CO₂ alkyl, hydroxyaryl, aryloxyalkyl, CO₂H, or CH₂OH; or R⁵ and R⁶ located on adjacent atoms can be taken together to form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloheteroalkyl ring.
 11. The compound as defined in claim 1 having the structure: (i)

(ii) stereoisomers of (i) thereof, or a solvate of (i) thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of (i) thereof.
 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as defined in claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.
 13. A pharmaceutical combination comprising a compound as defined in claim 1 and an immunosuppressant, an anticancer agent, an anti-viral agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an anti-fungal agent, an anti-biotic, an anti-vascular hyperproliferation agent, an anti-depressant agent, a lipid-lowering agent, a lipid modulating agent, an antidiabetic agent, an anti-obesity agent, an antihypertensive agent, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, and/or an antiosteoporosis agent, wherein the antidiabetic agent is 1, 2, 3 or more of a biguanide, a sulfonyl urea, a glucosidase inhibitor, a PPAR γ agonist, a PPAR α/γ dual agonist, an SGLT2 inhibitor, a DP4 inhibitor, an aP2 inhibitor, an insulin sensitizer, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin and/or a meglitinide, wherein the anti-obesity agent is a beta 3 adrenergic agonist, a lipase inhibitor, a serotonin (and dopamine) reuptake inhibitor, a thyroid receptor agonist, an aP2 inhibitor and/or an anorectic agent, wherein the lipid lowering agent is an MTP inhibitor, an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, a squalene synthetase inhibitor, a fibric acid derivative, an upregulator of LDL receptor activity, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, or an ACAT inhibitor, wherein the antihypertensive agent is an ACE inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor antagonist, NEP/ACE inhibitor, calcium channel blocker and/or j3-adrenergic blocker.
 14. The pharmaceutical combination as defined in claim 13 wherein the antidiabetic agent is 1, 2, 3 or more of metformin, glyburide, glimepiride, glipyride, glipizide, chlorpropamide, gliclazide, acarbose, miglitol, pioglitazone, troglitazone, rosiglitazone, insulin, G1-262570, isaglitazone, JTT-501, NN-2344, L895645, YM-440, R-1 19702, AJ9677, repaglinide, nateglinide, KAD1129, AR-HO39242, GW-409544, KRP297, AC2993, LY315902, P32/98 and/or NVP-DPP-728A, wherein the anti-obesity agent is orlistat, ATL-962, AJ9677, L750355, CP33 1648, sibutramine, topiramate, axokine, dexamphetamine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine, and/or mazindol, wherein the lipid-lowering agent is pravastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, itavastatin, visastatin, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, avasimibe, TS-962, MD-700, cholestagel, niacin and/or LY295427, wherein the antihypertensive agent is an ACE inhibitor which is captopril, fosinopril, enalapril, lisinopril, quinapril, benazepril, fentiapril, ramipril or moexipril; an NEP/ACE inhibitor which is omapatrilat, [S[(R*,R*)])]-hexahydro-6-[(2-mercapto- 1-oxo-3-phenylpropyl)amino]-2,2-dimethyl-7-oxo- 1H-azepine- 1-acetic acid (gemopatrilat) or CGS 30440; an angiotensin II receptor antagonist which is irbesartan, losartan or valsartan; amlodipine besylate, prazosin HCl, verapamil, nifedipine, nadolol, propranolol, carvedilol, or clonidine HCl, wherein the platelet aggregation inhibitor is aspirin, clopidogrel, ticlopidine, dipyridamole or ifetroban; the immunosuppressant is a cyclosporin, mycophenolate, interferon-beta, deoxyspergolin, FK-506 or Ant.-IL-2; the anti-cancer agent is azathiprine, 5-fluorouracel, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, methotrexate, thiotepa, or carboplatin; the anti-viral agent is abacavir, aciclovir, ganciclovir, zidanocin, or vidarabine; and the antiinflammatory drug is ibuprofen, celecoxib, rofecoxib, aspirin, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac sodium, indomethacin, piroxicam, prednisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, or triamcinolone diacetate.
 15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a combination as defined in claim 13 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor. 